文章及翻译

How “Average” People Excel
“平凡”之人如何脱颖而出

By Alan Loy McGinnis
作者：艾伦·洛伊·麦金尼斯

1 In university Jim seemed a classic fast – tracker. He made good grades with little effort, and his classmates voted him “Most Likely to Succeed.” After graduation, he had his pick of jobs.
在大学时，吉姆似乎是个典型的职场“潜力股”。他不费吹灰之力就能取得好成绩，同学们还选他为“最有可能成功的人”。毕业后，他有很多工作可供选择。

2 Jim joined the sales department of a large insurance company and at first did well. He quickly hit a plateau, however, and switched to a smaller company, where he also plateaued. Bored with sales, he tried sales management. Again, the same pattern developed: well – liked, regarded as a fast – tracker, he soon fizzled like a wet firecracker. Today he is selling insurance for yet another company — and wonders why he isn’t doing better.
吉姆加入了一家大型保险公司的销售部门，起初干得不错。然而，他很快就陷入了停滞，于是跳槽到一家小公司，在那里也遭遇了同样的瓶颈。对销售感到厌倦后，他尝试了销售管理工作。可同样的情况再次出现：他很受欢迎，被视为潜力股，但很快就像受潮的鞭炮一样，没了声响。如今，他又在另一家公司卖保险，还纳闷自己怎么就做不好。

3 Then there is Joseph D’Arrigo. “I’ve always regarded myself as average,” D’Arrigo told me. “I got into life insurance and did reasonably well. By a fluke, I was put on a committee with several of the biggest salespeople in the industry. I was terribly intimidated.”
接下来是约瑟夫·达里戈。“我一直觉得自己很平凡，”达里戈告诉我，“我进入人寿保险行业，干得还不错。机缘巧合之下，我被安排到一个委员会，和业内几个最厉害的销售人员一起工作。我当时害怕极了。”

4 As he came to know these achievers, however, D’Arrigo realized something: “They were no more geniuses than I was. They were just ordinary people who had set their sights high, then found a way to achieve their goals.” He also realized something more: “If other average guys could dream big dreams, so could I.” Today he owns a million – dollar company specializing in employee benefits.
然而，随着对这些成功人士的了解加深，达里戈意识到：“他们并不比我聪明多少。他们只是普通人，但目标高远，然后找到了实现目标的方法。”他还意识到更重要的一点：“如果其他平凡的人能有远大的梦想，我也能。”如今，他拥有一家价值百万美元、专门从事员工福利业务的公司。

5 Why do ordinary individuals like D’Arrigo often seem to achieve so much more than people like Jim? To find out, I interviewed over 190 men and women in my work as a corporate consultant. The results of this informal survey confirmed for me what Theodore Roosevelt once said: “The average man who is successful is not a genius. He is a man who has merely ordinary qualities, but who has developed those ordinary qualities to a more than ordinary degree.”
为什么像达里戈这样的普通人，往往比像吉姆这样的人取得更多成就呢？为了找到答案，我以企业顾问的身份采访了190多名男女。这次非正式调查的结果，让我想起西奥多·罗斯福曾经说过的话：“成功的普通人并非天才。他只是一个具备平凡品质的人，但他能将这些平凡品质发展到非凡的程度。”

6 I determined that “average” people who excel:
我发现，脱颖而出的“平凡”之人具备以下特质：

7 Learn self – discipline. “You don’t need talent to succeed,” insists Irwin C. Hansen, chief executive of Porter Memorial Hospital in Denver, Colorado, who has gained a reputation for turning around under – performing hospitals. “All you need is a big pot of glue. You smear some on your chair and some on the seat of your pants, you sit down, and you stick with every project until you’ve done the best you can do.”
学会自律。“成功不需要天赋，”科罗拉多州丹佛市波特纪念医院的首席执行官欧文·C·汉森坚称，他因成功扭转业绩不佳的医院而声名远扬，“你只需要一大罐胶水。把胶水涂在椅子上和裤子座位上，然后坐下，坚持完成每个项目，直到做到最好。”

8 Average achievers stay glued to their chairs and postpone pleasure so they can reap future dividends. Many fast – trackers, on the other hand, expect too much too soon. When rewards don’t materialize instantly, they may become frustrated and unhappy.
平凡的成功者会坚守岗位，推迟享乐，以便收获未来的回报。而很多“潜力股”则期望很快得到太多回报。当回报没有立即出现时，他们可能会感到沮丧和不满。

9 Fifty years ago, a group of researchers began an ambitious, long – term study of 268 male university students analyzing the paths their lives were to take. Among these men, now in their late 60s and 70s, the researchers found school performance was little related to job competence. Qualities like “steady and dependable” and “practical and organized” were more important. According to Dr. George E. Vaillant, the psychiatrist who now directs the study, one crucial mental habit was what he calls “the capacity to postpone — but not forgo — gratification.”
50年前，一组研究人员开始了一项宏大的长期研究，对象是268名男性大学生，分析他们的人生轨迹。如今，这些人已六七十岁，研究人员发现，他们在学校的表现与工作能力关系不大。像“稳重可靠”和“务实有条理”这样的品质更重要。该研究的现任负责人、精神病学家乔治·E·瓦兰特博士表示，一个关键的心理习惯就是他所说的“延迟（而非放弃）满足的能力”。

10 Frances Johansen, a financial planner, sees this principle at work in the way people manage their money, as well as their careers. She tells about two couples she counsels. One is a professional working couple, university – educated fast – trackers. “They bring home over $140,000 a year,” Johansen says. “Yet they are $60,000 in debt and have nothing to show for their hard work except a big mortgage and a lot of bills. Then there’s another couple in their 40s,” she continues. “They sacrificed in the early years, bought a home as soon as they could, then made some investments and built a large equity. Now they are living in a lovely house and no longer have to stay on a budget.” The husband, a blue – collar worker, “has only a secondary – school diploma,” Johansen notes. “But he worked hard and built his career step by step, applying self – discipline and simply being patient.”
金融规划师弗朗西斯·约翰森发现，这个原则在人们管理金钱和事业的方式中都起着作用。她讲述了自己咨询过的两对夫妇的故事。一对是职业夫妇，受过大学教育，是“潜力股”。“他们每年带回家超过14万美元，”约翰森说，“然而，他们负债6万美元，辛苦工作的成果除了巨额房贷和一堆账单外，别无他物。另一对是40多岁的夫妇，”她接着说，“他们早年做出了牺牲，尽快买了房子，然后进行了一些投资，积累了大量资产。现在他们住在漂亮的房子里，不再需要精打细算。”丈夫是一名蓝领工人，“只有中学文凭，”约翰森指出，“但他努力工作，一步一个脚印地建立自己的事业，运用自律，保持耐心。”

11 Bring out the best in people. Franklin Murphy, one – time chancellor of the University of California at Los Angeles and later chief executive of the Times Mirror Co., puts it bluntly: he succeeded on the talents of others. “I always sought out people who were talented, who had self – discipline. Then I developed their affection and loyalty. I recruited them, motivated them, and when we achieved something, I share the credit with them.”
激发他人的最大潜能。富兰克林·墨菲曾是加州大学洛杉矶分校的校长，后来成为《时代镜报》公司的首席执行官，他直言不讳地说：他的成功源于他人的才能。“我一直在寻找有天赋、自律的人。然后我培养他们的感情和忠诚度。我招募他们，激励他们，当我们取得成就时，我会和他们分享荣誉。”

12 Many of the fast – trackers I spoke with couldn’t tolerate getting help from others or sharing success, often because of an overpowering ego. Collaboration is the key, and one of the best collaborators I’ve met is Marilynn Surbeck, who supervises ten people for the Los Angeles County Bar Association. “Many of them are more intelligent than I am, and that’s the way I like it,” Surbeck says. “I’m there to manage their conflicts and motivate them enough so they can do the things they do well.”
我交谈过的很多“潜力股”无法容忍从别人那里获得帮助或分享成功，往往是因为自负。合作才是关键，我遇到过的最好的合作者之一是玛丽琳·瑟贝克，她为洛杉矶县律师协会管理十个人。“他们中的很多人比我聪明，我就喜欢这样，”瑟贝克说，“我要做的是管理他们的冲突，充分激励他们，让他们能把擅长的事情做好。”

13 How did she learn these skills? Surprisingly, Surbeck notes, “by being a single mother with a daughter who required lots of professional help.” Twenty – four – year – old Holly has multiple physical and mental handicaps, and over the years Marilynn Surbeck had to elicit help from many agencies, doctors and other specialists.
她是如何学会这些技能的呢？令人惊讶的是，瑟贝克说：“作为一个单身母亲，女儿需要很多专业帮助，（我因此学会了这些技能）。”24岁的霍莉有多种身体和精神残疾，这些年来，玛丽琳·瑟贝克不得不从很多机构、医生和其他专家那里寻求帮助。

14 “Frequently,” she says, “I found myself sitting at a table with five or six professionals, all with different ideas about what would be best for my daughter. So I had to learn negotiation skills in a hurry” — and basically, how to get everyone on the same track. “They knew more than I did, but I knew how to bring them together. When I got into management, I discovered these were transferable skills that were seen as quite valuable.”
“经常，”她说，“我发现自己和五六个专业人士坐在一起，每个人对什么对我女儿最好都有不同的想法。所以我得赶紧学会谈判技巧”—— 基本上就是如何让所有人达成共识。“他们比我懂得多，但我知道如何把他们凝聚在一起。当我进入管理岗位后，我发现这些是可转移的技能，而且非常有价值。”

15 Build a knowledge base. Average achievers are not looking at the top job, as many fast – trackers tend to do — but at the job one step above. So they often broaden their knowledge base in a way that many fast – trackers don’t.
建立知识储备。平凡的成功者不会像很多“潜力股”那样盯着最高职位，而是关注比当前职位高一级的工作。所以他们常常会以很多“潜力股”不会的方式拓宽自己的知识储备。

16 Consider a young man named Holtz. He wasn’t good enough to stand out in any one, single position on his secondary – school American football team. So he studied every position and waited for his opportunity. After graduating in the bottom half of his class, he went off to university, where he attracted little interest. Following his graduation, he became an assistant coach at five different universities.
想想一个叫霍尔茨的年轻人。在中学美式橄榄球队里，他在任何一个单独位置上都不够突出。于是他研究了每个位置，等待机会。他以班级中下游的成绩毕业后，进入大学，没引起什么关注。大学毕业后，他在五所不同的大学担任助理教练。

17 By the time he took over as football coach at Notre Dame University in the United States in 1985, Lou Holtz had built a broad base of coaching knowledge and soon returned the school to the pinnacle of university football. During Holtz’s six – season reign, Notre Dame had won a stunning 77 percent of its games.
1985年，当卢·霍尔茨接任美国圣母大学橄榄球队教练时，他已经积累了广泛的教练知识，很快就把学校带回了大学橄榄球的巅峰。在霍尔茨执教的六个赛季里，圣母大学赢得了惊人的77%的比赛。

18 Develop special skills. Howard Gardner, a psychologist, notes that standard I.Q. tests primarily measure only two kinds of ability: math and language skills. In fact, he says, there are at least seven basic intellectual skills: mathematical – logical, linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic and two types of personal intelligence — how we understand others, and how we deal with our own dreams, fears and frustrations. So while you may not be good at math, you may have an aptitude for design; or you may have an ability for persuading people and could, with training, become an excellent negotiator.
培养特殊技能。心理学家霍华德·加德纳指出，标准的智商测试主要只衡量两种能力：数学和语言技能。实际上，他说，至少有七种基本的智力技能：数学逻辑、语言、音乐、空间、身体运动感知以及两种个人智力 —— 我们如何理解他人，以及我们如何处理自己的梦想、恐惧和挫折。所以，虽然你可能不擅长数学，但你可能有设计天赋；或者你可能有说服他人的能力，经过培训可以成为优秀的谈判者。

19 Thomas J. Watson, Jr., had trouble living in the shadow of his father, the long – time head of IBM. Always a lackluster student, the younger Watson even needed a tutor to get through the IBM sales school. “I had no distinctions, no successes,” he writes in Father, Son & Co.
小托马斯·J·沃森一直生活在父亲（长期担任IBM 总裁）的阴影下，倍感压力。小沃森一直是个表现平平的学生，甚至需要家教才能通过IBM 销售学校的课程。“我没有什么突出的地方，也没有什么成功的经历，”他在《父与子》一书中写道。

20 When Watson started flying lessons, however, something happened. “What a feeling!” he says. “I was good at flying, instantly good. I plowed everything into this mad pursuit and gained a lot of self – confidence.”
然而，当沃森开始上飞行课时，情况发生了变化。“那种感觉太棒了！”他说，“我擅长飞行，一下子就擅长了。我把所有精力都投入到这种狂热的追求中，获得了很大的自信。”

21 This single success led to greater successes. Because of his experience as a pilot, Watson became an officer in the U.S. Air Force during World War Ⅱ. He was not brilliant, he concedes. But he discovered he had “an orderly mind and an unusual ability to focus on what was important and to put it across to others.” Watson eventually became chief executive of IBM — and took the company into the computer age. In 15 years, he increased IBM’s revenues almost tenfold.
这一次的成功带来了更大的成功。由于有飞行员的经历，沃森在二战期间成为美国空军的一名军官。他承认自己并不出色，但他发现自己“头脑有条理，有一种非凡的能力，能专注于重要的事情，并向他人解释清楚”。沃森最终成为IBM 的首席执行官，并带领公司进入了计算机时代。在15年里，他让IBM 的收入几乎增长了十倍。

22 Keep promises. Wendell Will, an attorney in my town, once told me, “I’d like to think my success as a lawyer is due to my brilliant legal mind. But I think it is really because I always keep my word. If I promise a client that a document will be ready at a certain time, it is ready. That quality is so rare today that if you have it, people think you’re a genius.”
信守承诺。我镇上的一位律师温德尔·威尔曾告诉我：“我想把自己作为律师的成功归功于我出色的法律头脑。但我觉得实际上是因为我总是信守诺言。如果我向客户承诺文件会在某个时间准备好，就一定会按时准备好。这种品质在当今非常罕见，如果你有，人们会认为你是个天才。”

23 Three women started a design company 14 years ago, furnishing model homes for the U.S. housing industry. From the first, they built their business far more on simple dependability than on any strokes of creative genius. Last year, the company’s volume exceeded $2 million.
14年前，三位女性创办了一家设计公司，为美国住房行业提供样板房装修服务。从一开始，她们的业务更多地建立在简单的可靠性上，而非创意天才的灵光一现。去年，该公司的营业额超过了200万美元。

24 “Because we’ve never been late with an installation,” says Kathey Scroggie, one partner, “we’ve survived the recession when our competitors were declaring bankruptcy. Once, with a grand opening scheduled for the end of the week, and much of our furniture still on a truck somewhere between here and the wholesaler, several days’ drive away, we went out and bought $5,000 worth of items at retail prices. That ate up most of our profit, but we couldn’t let the builder down.”
“因为我们的安装从未迟到过，”合伙人凯西·斯克罗吉说，“在竞争对手纷纷破产的经济衰退期，我们存活了下来。有一次，样板房的盛大开放定在周末，而我们的很多家具还在从这里到批发商的运输卡车上，距离有好几天的车程。我们出去以零售价购买了价值5000美元的物品。这几乎耗尽了我们的利润，但我们不能让建筑商失望。”

25 Samra Keller, vice president of sales and marketing for the developer on that project, verifies the value of such reliability. “The best ability is dependability,” she says. “We’d stick with these women to our dying day because we know they’ll go to such lengths to keep their word.”
该项目开发商的销售和营销副总裁萨姆拉·凯勒证实了这种可靠性的价值。“最好的能力就是可靠性，” 她说，“我们会一直和这些女性合作到生命的最后一刻，因为我们知道她们会竭尽全力信守承诺。”

26 Ultimately, there is nothing more powerful than a person with an average mind who holds his or her head high and goes about life with zest and surety. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln could have been destroyed by his seeming ordinariness. He came from a poor background and had an ungainly appearance. Instead, he went on to greatness — while giving new meaning and dignity to what the world considered “average.” As Lincoln was once quoted as saying, “God must have loved the common people, because he made so many of them.”
最终，没有什么比一个头脑平凡但昂首挺胸、充满热情和自信地对待生活的人更有力量。美国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯本可能因看似平凡而被摧毁。他出身贫寒，相貌平平。然而，他成就了伟大事业，同时也为世人眼中的 “平凡” 赋予了新的意义和尊严。正如林肯曾被引用的一句话：“上帝一定爱普通人，因为他创造了这么多普通人。”

(1,679 words)
（1679词）

问题英文原题、中文翻译及解析

I. Reading for Information（阅读获取信息）

A. Reading to find main ideas（阅读寻找主旨）

1. The author’s interviews with over 190 men and women in his work convinced him that __.

◦ 作者在工作中对190多名男女进行采访后，确信__。

◦ A. ordinary people could excel if they developed their ordinary qualities to an extraordinary degree

◦ 普通人若将自身平凡特质发展到非凡程度，便能脱颖而出

◦ B. ordinary people could excel if they followed the same career track as many of the fast – trackers

◦ 普通人若遵循众多“潜力股”的职业轨迹，便能脱颖而出

◦ C. successful people were by and large geniuses who knew how to achieve their goals

◦ 成功人士大体上都是知晓如何达成目标的天才

◦ D. successful people were more competent at their work, no matter what career they took up

◦ 无论从事何种职业，成功人士在工作中都更有能力

答案：A
解析：文中第5段提到 “The results of this informal survey confirmed for me what Theodore Roosevelt once said: ‘The average man who is successful is not a genius. He is a man who has merely ordinary qualities, but who has developed those ordinary qualities to a more than ordinary degree.’” ，即调查结果印证了西奥多·罗斯福的话，成功的普通人并非天才，而是将平凡特质发展到非凡程度的人，A选项与文意契合。B选项“遵循‘潜力股’职业轨迹”文中未提及；C选项与文中“成功的普通人并非天才”相悖；D选项“无论何种职业都更有能力”无依据，所以选A。

2. Which of the following statements can be concluded from this selection?

◦ 从本文中可得出以下哪个结论？

◦ A. Successful people are usually from illustrious background and can easily get help from various sources.

◦ 成功人士通常出身显赫，能轻易从各类渠道获得帮助

◦ B. Successful people tend to go about life with more zest and surety as compared to ordinary people.

◦ 与普通人相比，成功人士往往能更热情、更自信地对待生活

◦ C. Ordinary people are commonly more street – smart, though less intelligent than successful people.

◦ 普通人通常更有处世智慧，尽管不如成功人士聪明

◦ D. In many cases ordinary people with merely ordinary qualities can do better than those regarded as fast – trackers.

◦ 在诸多情况下，仅具备平凡特质的普通人能比那些被视为“潜力股”的人做得更好

答案：D
解析：文章通过吉姆（“潜力股” 却发展不顺）和约瑟夫·达里戈（普通人但成功）等案例对比，以及阐述平凡人成功的关键特质，表明很多时候平凡人能超越 “潜力股” 。A选项“出身显赫、易获帮助”文中未提；B选项不是成功人士与普通人对比的结论，而是强调平凡但积极生活的人有力量；C选项“更有处世智慧”无依据，所以选D。

B. Reading to find major details（阅读寻找主要细节）

3. What had brought Watson, always a dull student, out of the shadow of his father, the long – time head of IBM?

• 一直以来表现平庸的学生沃森，是如何摆脱长期担任IBM总裁的父亲的阴影的？
• A. His ability to focus on his dreams.
• 他专注于梦想的能力
• B. His excellent negotiating skills.
• 他出色的谈判技巧
• C. The self – confidence he gained from flying.
• 他从飞行中获得的自信
• D. The remarkable result of his I.Q. test.
• 他智商测试的优异结果

答案：C
解析：文中第19 – 21段 “When Watson started flying lessons, however, something happened… I plowed everything into this mad pursuit and gained a lot of self – confidence. This single success led to greater successes.” 表明，沃森通过飞行课程获得自信，进而取得更大成功，摆脱父亲阴影，C选项符合。A选项“专注梦想能力”、B选项“谈判技巧”、D选项“智商测试结果”均非摆脱阴影的原因，所以选C。

4. According to Kathy Scroggie, one partner of a design company, the reason they survived the recession when their competitors went broke was that __.

◦ 据一家设计公司的合伙人凯西·斯克罗吉所言，在竞争对手破产时，他们能挺过经济衰退的原因是__。

◦ A. they always kept their word

◦ 他们始终信守承诺

◦ B. they cared very little about their profit

◦ 他们不太在乎利润

◦ C. they had brilliant legal minds

◦ 他们有出色的法律头脑

◦ D. they had more flexible work schedules

◦ 他们的工作安排更灵活

答案：A
解析：文中第24段 “‘Because we’ve never been late with an installation,’ says Kathey Scroggie, one partner, ‘we’ve survived the recession when our competitors were declaring bankruptcy.’” 说明，因安装从未迟到（体现信守承诺），所以在经济衰退期存活，A选项正确。B选项“不在乎利润”、C选项“法律头脑”、D选项“工作安排灵活”均非存活原因，所以选A。

C. Reading to find relevant facts（阅读寻找相关事实）

5. As Joseph D’Arrigo was put on a committee with some achievers in the life insurance industry, he realized that .

• 当约瑟夫·达里戈被安排到一个委员会，与人寿保险行业的一些成功人士共事时，他意识到。
• A. those achievers were more talented than he could have imagined
• 那些成功人士比他想象的更有天赋
• B. those achievers were just average people who dreamed big dreams
• 那些成功人士只是有远大梦想的普通人
• C. fast – trackers could give full play to their aptitude in the life insurance industry
• “潜力股” 能在人寿保险行业充分发挥自身才能
• D. fast – trackers were more likely to hit a career plateau than ordinary people
• “潜力股” 比普通人更有可能遭遇职业瓶颈

答案：B
解析：文中第4段 “As he came to know these achievers, however, D’Arrigo realized something: ‘They were no more geniuses than I was. They were just ordinary people who had set their sights high, then found a way to achieve their goals.’” 显示，达里戈意识到成功人士和自己一样并非天才，只是有远大梦想并付诸实践的普通人，B选项正确。A选项与原文“并非更有天赋”相悖；C选项“‘潜力股’ 发挥才能”、D选项“‘潜力股’ 更易遇瓶颈”文中未提，所以选B。

6. Which of the following is true as regards the example of a young man named Lou Holtz?

◦ 关于一个叫卢·霍尔茨的年轻人的例子，以下哪项表述正确？

◦ A. He did a poor job in secondary school and missed the chance to go off to university.

◦ 他在中学表现糟糕，错失上大学的机会

◦ B. He was a top student in his studies though he wasn’t good enough to stand out in the football team.

◦ 尽管在橄榄球队中不够突出，但他在学业上是尖子生

◦ C. After graduation from university, he was looking at the top job as many fast – trackers would do.

◦ 大学毕业后，他像众多“潜力股”一样盯着最高职位

◦ D. His experience of working as an assistant coach at different universities broadened his base of coaching knowledge.

◦ 他在不同大学担任助理教练的经历，拓宽了他的教练知识基础

答案：D
解析：文中第16 – 17段 “Following his graduation, he became an assistant coach at five different universities. By the time he took over as football coach at Notre Dame University… Lou Holtz had built a broad base of coaching knowledge…” 说明，霍尔茨担任助理教练的经历，让他积累了广泛的教练知识，D选项正确。A选项他上了大学，未错失机会；B选项他中学成绩中下游，不是尖子生；C选项他未盯着最高职位，而是拓宽知识，所以选D。

文章及翻译

Negotiating for Mutual Satisfaction
实现双方满意的谈判

By Herb Cohen
作者：赫伯·科恩

1 There is a legendary story that has become part of the folklore of negotiations:
有一个传奇故事，已成为谈判民俗的一部分：

2 A brother and sister have been squabbling over some leftover pie, with each insisting on the larger slice. Each wants to get a big piece and not be cheated by the sibling. Just as the boy has gained control of the knife and is poised to hack off the lion’s share for himself, the mother or father arrives on the scene.
一对兄妹一直在为剩下的馅饼争吵，都坚持要更大的一块。两人都想拿到大块，又不想被对方骗。就在男孩拿到刀，准备为自己切下最大份额时，父母中的一方出现了。

3 In the tradition of King Solomon, the parent says, “Hold it! I don’t care who cuts that pie into two pieces, but whoever does has to give the other the right to select the piece they want.” Naturally, to protect himself, the boy cuts the slab into two pieces of equal size.
按照所罗门王的传统做法，家长说：“停！我不管谁把馅饼切成两块，但谁切，就得让另一个人先选想要的那块。” 很自然，为了保护自己，男孩把馅饼切成了两块一样大的。

4 The tale may be apocryphal, but its underlying moral has continuing relevance today. There are many situations in which the needs of the protagonists are not really in opposition. If the focus shifts from defeating each other to defeating the problem, everyone can benefit.
这个故事可能是虚构的，但它背后的寓意在今天仍有意义。很多情况下，当事人的需求并非真的对立。如果把焦点从击败对方转移到解决问题上，所有人都能受益。

5 In a collaborative Win – Win negotiation we are trying to produce an outcome that provides acceptable gain to all parties. Conflict is regarded as a natural part of the human condition. If conflict is viewed as a problem to be solved, creative solutions can be found that enhance the position of both sides, and the parties may even be brought closer together.
在合作性的双赢谈判中，我们努力达成一种结果，让各方都能获得可接受的收益。冲突被视为人类生存状态的自然组成部分。如果把冲突看作待解决的问题，就能找到创造性的解决方案，提升双方的处境，甚至能让双方关系更紧密。

6 It may be a coincidence, but in collective bargaining between management and labor the metaphor of the pie is customarily bandied about. One side will often say, “We just want our share of the pie!” However, if the pie is seen as a fixed sum of money, what one side gains the other side must necessarily lose. Consider the following:
或许是巧合，但在管理层和劳工的集体谈判中，馅饼的比喻经常被提及。一方常会说：“我们就想要自己那份馅饼！” 然而，如果把馅饼看成固定数额的钱，一方得到的，另一方就必然失去。看看下面这个例子：

7 After a bargaining impasse, a union goes on strike. If the union wins, the wages lost during the strike will exceed the benefits gained. Conversely, with the strike, management will lose more than the cost of granting the demands without the strike. So both lose with the strike. If there were no strike, in a climate of trust they could achieve a settlement that would enable both sides to get what they want.
谈判陷入僵局后，工会举行罢工。如果工会赢了，罢工期间损失的工资会超过获得的利益。相反，罢工也会让管理层失去的比满足工会要求（不罢工的情况下）的成本更多。所以罢工对双方都不利。如果不罢工，在互信的氛围中，他们能达成和解，让双方都得到想要的。

8 In spite of this logic, we continue to witness strikes where not only do union and management lose, but the public, the economy, and even the national interest suffer. Why does this happen? Perhaps part of the problem is the analogy of the pie. When we converge on a fixed sum and start to argue back and forth making demands, counter – demands, conclusions, and ultimatums, there is no likelihood of a creative outcome. Instead, we should see our true interest as complementary and in effect ask each other, “How can we get together in a way that will make the total pie bigger, so there’s more to go around?”
尽管有这样的逻辑，我们还是不断看到罢工，不仅工会和管理层受损，公众、经济乃至国家利益都受影响。为什么会这样？或许部分原因在于馅饼的比喻。当我们聚焦于固定数额，开始来回争论、提出要求、反驳、下结论和最后通牒时，就不可能有创造性的结果。相反，我们应该把真正的利益看成互补的，实际上要问彼此：“我们怎样合作才能让整个馅饼变大，这样大家能分到的就更多？”

9 Obviously, this does not refer to labor relations alone, but to each and every negotiation where relationships are ongoing. If you think for a moment, you’ll see that covers nearly all your negotiations.
显然，这不仅适用于劳资关系，还适用于所有持续存在关系的谈判。只要想想，就会发现几乎涵盖了你所有的谈判。

10 Since nature does not create all human beings alike, your needs and my needs are usually not identical. Therefore, it’s possible for both of us to emerge victorious.
因为大自然不会创造出完全相同的人，你的需求和我的需求通常不一样。所以，我们有可能都取得胜利。

11 The uniqueness of each person seems to be an accepted fact — at least on an intellectual level. Then why do we approach most negotiations as if they were adversary encounters, where your satisfaction must be at the expense of the other side? The reason is that in most negotiations, discussion is about a “fixed sum”, usually money.
每个人的独特性似乎是公认的事实 —— 至少在理性层面是这样。那为什么我们在进行大多数谈判时，都把它当成对抗性的遭遇，好像你的满意必须以对方受损为代价？原因在于，在大多数谈判中，讨论的是 “固定数额”，通常是钱。

12 Many of us have been conditioned from the time we were youngsters to accept money as a conversational topic. Some have been led to believe that their favorite color should be green — dollar green. Listen to people talk and you sometimes think that they are living dollar signs. But if you believe that most negotiations pivot on money alone, you’re mistaken. People are not the way they speak or appear to be. Surely money is a need, but it’s merely one of many. If you neglect their other needs, satisfying people’s dollar need alone will not make them happy. Let me prove this via a hypothetical situation:
我们很多人从小就被灌输接受把钱当作谈话话题。有些人甚至被引导认为自己最喜欢的颜色应该是绿色 —— 美元的那种绿色。听人们谈话，有时会觉得他们就像活的美元符号。但如果你认为大多数谈判只围绕钱展开，那就错了。人不是他们表现出来的说话方式或样子。钱当然是一种需求，但只是众多需求之一。如果忽视其他需求，仅满足人们对钱的需求不会让他们开心。用一个假设的情况来证明：

13 While thumbing through a magazine one evening, two people living together — say a husband and wife — notice an antique clock used as a background piece in an advertisement.
一天晚上，两个住在一起的人 —— 比如一对夫妻 —— 翻阅杂志时，注意到广告里用作背景的一个古董钟。

14 The wife comments, “Isn’t that the most beautiful clock you ever saw? Wouldn’t it look wonderful in our center entrance hallway or foyer?”
妻子说：“这不是你见过的最漂亮的钟吗？放在我们的中央入口走廊或门厅，难道不好看吗？”

15 The husband replies, “It sure would! I wonder what it costs. There’s no price tag in the ad.”
丈夫回答：“肯定好看！我想知道多少钱。广告里没标价。”

16 Together they decide to look for the clock in antique shops. They mutually agree that should they find it, they’ll pay no more than $500.
他们一起决定去古董店找这个钟。两人都同意，如果找到，最多花500美元买。

17 After three months of searching, they finally see the clock displayed at an antique show booth. “There it is!” the wife exclaims excitedly.
找了三个月后，他们终于在一个古董展摊位上看到了这个钟。“就是它！” 妻子兴奋地叫道。

18 “You’re right, that’s it!” says the husband. “Remember,” he adds, “we aren’t going to pay more than $500!”
“你说得对，就是它！” 丈夫说。“记住，” 他又说，“我们最多花500美元！”

19 They approach the booth. “Oh – oh,” mutters the wife. “There’s a sign on top of the clock that says $750. We might as well go home. We said we’d spend no more than $500, remember?”
他们走到摊位前。“哎呀，” 妻子咕哝道，“钟上面的牌子写着750美元。我们还是回家吧。我们说过最多花500美元，记得吧？”

20 “I remember,” says the husband, “but let’s take a stab at it anyway. We’ve been looking for so long.” They huddle privately and appoint him the negotiator, with an outside chance to secure it for the $500.
“我记得，” 丈夫说，“但不管怎样，我们试试吧。我们找了这么久了。” 他们私下商量，让丈夫去谈判，希望能以500美元拿下。

21 Gathering his courage, he addresses himself to the clock salesman. “I notice you have a small clock for sale. I notice the alleged price on top. I also notice a little dust around the sign giving it an antique quality.” Building momentum, the husband now says, “Tell you what I’ll do. I’ll make you one offer and one offer alone for the clock, and that’ll be it. And I’m sure it’ll thrill your very being. Are you ready?” He pauses for effect. “Well here it is — $250.”
他鼓起勇气，对卖钟的人说：“我看到你在卖一个小钟。看到上面标的价格了。还看到标价牌周围有点灰尘，让它更有古董味。” 丈夫接着说，越说越来劲：“告诉你我打算怎么做。我就出一个价买这个钟，就这一个价。我肯定这会让你很激动。准备好了吗？” 他停顿了一下，制造效果。“就是250美元。”

22 The clock salesman, without batting an eye, says, “It’s yours. Sold.”
卖钟的人眼皮都没眨一下，说：“卖给你了。成交。”

23 What’s the husband’s first reaction? Elation? Is he saying to himself, “I did exceedingly well, beating my objective by a considerable amount”? Heck no! You know as well as I do, because we’ve all been in similar situations, his initial reaction is, “How stupid of me! I should have offered the guy $150!” You also know his second reaction:“There must be something wrong with the clock!”
丈夫的第一反应是什么？兴奋？他会对自己说：“我做得太棒了，比目标价少花了好多” 吗？才不呢！你我都清楚，因为我们都遇到过类似情况，他的第一反应是：“我真傻！我应该出价150美元的！” 你也知道他的第二反应：“这钟肯定有问题！”

24 As the husband carries the clock to his car, he says to himself, “This sure is light, because I’m not that strong! I’ll bet some internal pieces are missing!”
丈夫把钟搬到车上时，心里想：“这钟怎么这么轻，我也没那么弱啊！肯定里面的零件少了！”

25 Nevertheless, he puts it in the entrance hallway of their home. It looks stunning. It seems to be working fine, but he and his wife feel uneasy.
尽管如此，他还是把钟放在了家里的入口走廊。钟看起来很漂亮，似乎也走得准，但他和妻子就是觉得不安。

26 After they retire, they get up three times in the middle of the night. Why? They’re sure they didn’t hear the clock chime. This goes on for days and sleepless nights. Their health is deteriorating rapidly, and they are becoming hypertensive.
他们睡下后，半夜起来三次。为什么？他们确定没听到钟响。这种情况持续了好几天，他们夜夜难眠。健康状况迅速恶化，还患上了高血压。

27 Why? Because the clock salesman had the effrontery to sell them that clock for $250.
为什么？因为卖钟的人居然敢以250美元的价格把钟卖给他们。

28 If he’d been a decent, reasonable, compassionate person, he’d have permitted them the pleasure and self – satisfaction of bargaining up to $497. By saving them $247, he’ll eventually cost them three times that amount in irritation bills. The classic mistake in this negotiation was that all attention was directed to a single facet — the price. If the couple were one – dimensional, having only a money need, they would have been ecstatic. However, like all of us, they are multi – faceted, having many needs, some unconscious and unacknowledged.
如果他是个正派、通情达理、有同情心的人，就会让他们讨价还价到497美元，享受那种愉悦和自我满足感。他为他们省了247美元，最终却会让他们在烦恼上付出三倍的代价。这次谈判的典型错误在于，所有注意力都集中在一个方面 —— 价格。如果这对夫妻只有钱这一种需求，他们会欣喜若狂。但和我们所有人一样，他们有多方面的需求，有些是无意识且未被承认的。

29 Satisfying this couple’s price demand alone did not make them happy. Apparently getting the clock at their desired price wasn’t enough. For them, under these circumstances, the negotiation ended too quickly. They needed a little chitchat, a discussion to establish trust, and even some bargaining. If the husband had been able to pit his wits successfully against the seller, this process would have made him feel better — about the purchase and about himself.
仅满足这对夫妻对价格的需求并不能让他们开心。显然，以期望的价格买到钟还不够。对他们来说，在这种情况下，谈判结束得太快了。他们需要聊聊天，进行一番讨论来建立信任，甚至需要一些讨价还价。如果丈夫能成功地与卖家斗智，这个过程会让他感觉更好 —— 对这次购买和对自己都更满意。

30 Previously, we said that negotiation is an activity in which parties are trying to satisfy their needs. Yet their real needs are seldom what they seem to be, because the negotiators try to conceal them or don’t recognize them. Consequently, negotiations are never totally for what is being openly talked about or contested, be it price, services, products, territory, concessions, interest rates, or money. What is being discussed, and the manner in which it is being considered, are used to satisfy psychological needs.
之前我们说过，谈判是各方努力满足自身需求的活动。但他们的真正需求很少是表面看起来的那样，因为谈判者会试图隐瞒或没意识到这些需求。因此，谈判从来都不完全是为了公开谈论或争议的内容，无论是价格、服务、产品、领地、让步、利率还是钱。讨论的内容以及考虑这些内容的方式，都是用来满足心理需求的。

31 A negotiation is more than an exchange of material objects. It is a way of acting and behaving that can develop understanding, belief, acceptance, respect, and trust. It is the manner of your approach, the tone of your voice, the attitude you convey, the methods you use, and the concern you exhibit for the other side’s feelings and needs.
谈判不仅仅是物质物品的交换。它是一种行为方式，能培养理解、信任、接纳、尊重和信赖。它关乎你的 approach 方式、说话语气、传达的态度、使用的方法，以及你对对方感受和需求的关切。

32 All these things comprise the process of negotiation. Hence, the way you go about trying to obtain your objective may in and of itself meet some of the other party’s needs.
所有这些构成了谈判的过程。因此，你努力实现目标的方式本身可能就能满足对方的一些需求。

33 Up to this point we have explored why negotiations often get unnecessarily bogged down in adversary struggles, conflicts that may not benefit either side. If negotiation involves the satisfaction of needs, we have suggested that the process itself — the way we go about resolving the conflict — may meet the needs of the participants. Further, since all people are unique, the needs of prospective opponents can be harmonized or reconciled.
到目前为止，我们探讨了为什么谈判常常会不必要地陷入对抗性的争斗（这种冲突可能对任何一方都没有好处）。如果谈判涉及需求的满足，我们认为过程本身 —— 我们解决冲突的方式 —— 可能会满足参与者的需求。此外，由于所有人都是独特的，潜在对手的需求可以得到协调或和解。

(1,580 words)
（1580词）

问题英文原题、中文翻译及解析

I. Reading for information（阅读获取信息）

A. Reading to find main ideas（阅读寻找主旨）

1. Negotiations are never totally for what is being openly talked about or contested. This is simply because __.

◦ 谈判从来都不完全是为了公开谈论或争议的内容。原因很简单，__。

◦ A. negotiations are all about the exchange of material objects which can hardly be talked about openly

◦ 谈判全是关于几乎无法公开谈论的物质物品的交换

◦ B. negotiations often get stuck in adversary conflicts before an effective agreement is reached

◦ 谈判在达成有效协议前，常会陷入对抗性冲突

◦ C. negotiators, in most cases, try to hide or just don’t recognize what their real needs are

◦ 在大多数情况下，谈判者会试图隐藏或根本没意识到自己的真正需求

◦ D. negotiators haven’t so far reached a common understanding as to what is

◦ 到目前为止，谈判者对谈判的含义尚未达成共识

答案：C
解析：文中第29段提到 “Yet their real needs are seldom what they seem to be, because the negotiators try to conceal them or don’t recognize them. Consequently, negotiations are never totally for what is being openly talked about or contested…” ，说明因为谈判者会隐藏或没意识到真正需求，所以谈判不全是为公开谈论的内容，C选项正确。A选项“全是关于物质交换”、B选项“陷入对抗冲突”、D选项“对谈判含义无共识”均非原因，所以选C。

2. According to this selection, which of the following statements is false?

◦ 根据本文，以下哪个陈述是错误的？

◦ A. Besides being an exchange of material objects, negotiation can develop understanding, respect and trust.

◦ 谈判除了是物质物品的交换，还能培养理解、尊重和信任

◦ B. The needs of prospective opponents cannot be harmonized because in most negotiations, discussion is about a “fixed sum”.

◦ 潜在对手的需求无法协调，因为在大多数谈判中，讨论的是 “固定数额”

◦ C. In a negotiation, the way we go about trying to obtain our objective may meet some of the other party’s needs.

◦ 在谈判中，我们努力实现目标的方式可能会满足对方的一些需求

◦ D. A negotiation involves the manner of our approach, the attitude we convey and the concern we exhibit for the other party’s feelings.

◦ 谈判涉及我们的 approach 方式、传达的态度，以及对对方感受的关切

答案：B
解析：文中第33段提到 “Further, since all people are unique, the needs of prospective opponents can be harmonized or reconciled.” ，说明潜在对手的需求是可以协调的，B选项“无法协调”错误。A选项对应第31段 “A negotiation is more than an exchange of material objects. It is a way of acting and behaving that can develop understanding, belief, acceptance, respect, and trust.” ；C选项对应第32段 “Hence, the way you go about trying to obtain your objective may in and of itself meet some of the other party’s needs.” ；D选项对应第31段 “It is the manner of your approach, the tone of your voice, the attitude you convey, the methods you use, and the concern you exhibit for the other side’s feelings and needs.” ，所以选B。

B. Reading to find major details（阅读寻找主要细节）

3. The story of the brother and sister squabbling over some leftover pie .

• 兄妹为剩下的馅饼争吵的故事。
• A. demonstrates how a person can get the upper hand in negotiations
• 展示了一个人如何在谈判中占上风
• B. indicates that negotiation can be a painfully difficult process
• 表明谈判可能是一个极其艰难的过程
• C. centers on some key factors in successful negotiation
• 围绕成功谈判的一些关键因素展开
• D. has continuing significance under today’s circumstances
• 在当今情况下仍有持续的意义

答案：D
解析：文中第4段提到 “The tale may be apocryphal, but its underlying moral has continuing relevance today.” ，说明这个故事的寓意在当今仍有意义，D选项正确。A选项“展示占上风”、B选项“表明过程艰难”、C选项“围绕成功谈判关键因素”均非故事体现的内容，所以选D。

4. In collective bargaining between management and labor the metaphor of the pie is customarily bandied about (Para.6). This sentence implies that __.

◦ 在管理层和劳工的集体谈判中，馅饼的比喻经常被提及（第6段）。这句话暗示__。

◦ A. both management and labor want their share of the profit, and one side’s loss is the other side’s gain

◦ 管理层和劳工都想要自己的利润份额，一方的损失是另一方的收益

◦ B. if the bargaining reaches an impasse, the union will surely go on strike

◦ 如果谈判陷入僵局，工会肯定会举行罢工

◦ C. the needs of management and labor are complementary rather than in opposition

◦ 管理层和劳工的需求是互补而非对立的

◦ D. management will lose more than labor unless the conflict is peacefully settled

◦ 除非冲突和平解决，否则管理层的损失会比劳工大

答案：A
解析：文中第6段提到 “However, if the pie is seen as a fixed sum of money, what one side gains the other side must necessarily lose.” ，把馅饼比作固定数额的钱，一方得另一方失，说明管理层和劳工在集体谈判中都想分利润，一方损失是另一方收益，A选项正确。B选项“肯定罢工”、C选项“需求互补”、D选项“管理层损失更大”均非该比喻暗示的内容，所以选A。

C. Reading to find relevant facts（阅读寻找相关事实）

5. According to the author, it is possible for both sides of the negotiation to emerge victorious in that .

• 根据作者的观点，谈判双方都有可能取得胜利，原因是。
• A. one person’s satisfaction must be at the expense of another person
• 一个人的满意必须以另一个人的损失为代价
• B. each person is unique and has different needs to satisfy
• 每个人都是独特的，有不同的需求要满足
• C. in each and every negotiation, relationships are going on
• 在每一场谈判中，关系都在持续
• D. negotiations are adversary struggles in which one has to appear triumphant
• 谈判是对抗性的争斗，其中一方必须显得获胜

答案：B
解析：文中第10段提到 “Since nature does not create all human beings alike, your needs and my needs are usually not identical. Therefore, it’s possible for both of us to emerge victorious.” ，说明因为每个人独特、需求不同，所以双方都能获胜，B选项正确。A选项与“双方都能赢”相悖；C选项“关系持续”、D选项“对抗性争斗”均非原因，所以选B。

6. The couple were not happy about the purchase of the antique clock because __.

◦ 这对夫妻对购买古董钟不满意，因为__。

◦ A. the clock failed to chime in the middle of the night

◦ 钟在半夜不响

◦ B. the husband was sure that some internal pieces of the clock were missing

◦ 丈夫确定钟的一些内部零件缺失

◦ C. apart from the price demand, their other needs were not satisfied

◦ 除了价格需求，他们的其他需求未得到满足

◦ D. the couple were one – dimensional, having only a money need

◦ 这对夫妻很单一，只有钱的需求

答案：C
解析：文中第28段提到 “Satisfying this couple’s price demand alone did not make them happy… they are multi – faceted, having many needs, some unconscious and unacknowledged.” ，说明仅满足价格需求，其他需求未满足，所以他们不满意，C选项正确。A选项“钟不响”是他们的担忧，不是实际情况；B选项“丈夫确定零件缺失”是猜测；D选项与文中“他们有多方面需求”相悖，所以选C。

文章及翻译

When an Aging Mom Becomes the Child
当年迈的母亲变成孩子

By Cecilia Brennecke
作者：塞西莉亚·布伦内克

1 “Mom, it’s Peggy.”
“妈妈，我是佩吉。”

2 “Hello, Peggy, it’s good to see you.” My frail, 90 – year – old mother does not rise from her position on the couch. She looks at me with clear blue eyes and smiles. She is weak, and rising from a sitting position is an ordeal, so she remains in place, sitting on a special pad to protect her thin body from the pressure of sitting. I kiss her on the cheek, so soft and papery.
“你好，佩吉，见到你真好。” 我那体弱的90岁母亲没有从沙发上起身。她用清澈的蓝眼睛看着我，笑了。她很虚弱，从坐姿起身对她来说是种折磨，所以她就待在原地，坐在一个特殊的垫子上，保护她瘦弱的身体免受坐姿压力。我亲吻她的脸颊，那般柔软，像纸一样。

3 She would not like to know what she looks like now, with missing teeth, scraggly hair and wearing a diaper. Her appearance had been so important. Because she couldn’t afford the clothes she loved, she learned to sew at a young age, and tailored beautiful outfits. Now she wears comfortable soft pants and tops that we have picked out for her. We buy colorful fleece jackets; she always loved color and knew exactly which ones she could wear to best advantage. Now she is not aware of what she is wearing, and her colors are mainly for us, her kids, and the people who care for her in the facility for people with advanced dementia. She is a favorite of the staff, so sweet and sharing, careful of the feelings of others.
她不会想知道自己现在的模样，缺了牙齿，头发凌乱，还穿着纸尿裤。她以前很在意自己的外表。因为买不起喜欢的衣服，她年轻时就学会了缝纫，还做过漂亮的衣服。现在她穿的是我们给她选的舒适软裤和上衣。我们给她买彩色的羊毛夹克；她一直喜欢色彩，也清楚知道自己穿哪些颜色最好看。可现在她都不知道自己穿了什么，选的颜色主要是为了我们这些孩子，以及在老年痴呆症疗养机构里照顾她的人。她很受工作人员喜欢，那么亲切、懂得分享，还会顾及别人的感受。

4 It is a clear, crisp day in early September, a day typical for Minnesota: low humidity, brilliant blue sky. I talk about the loveliness of the day and encourage her to sit outside with me. She agrees, as she does to any of my suggestions. She is a different kind of mother to me now: no longer the boss, but the child.
这是九月初一个晴朗、凉爽的日子，是明尼苏达州典型的天气：湿度低，天空湛蓝。我说起这天气的美好，鼓励她和我一起坐到外面。她同意了，就像对我所有建议的回应一样。现在对我来说，她是另一种母亲：不再是那个发号施令的人，而是像个孩子。

5 We slowly walk across the central meeting room in this building where she has lived for the past three years. It’s divided into four “homes.” Like her, the seven other dementia patients who share her living area have loved ones who can no longer care for them.
我们慢慢穿过这栋楼的中央会议室，她过去三年一直住在这里。这栋楼被分成了四个 “居住区”。和她一样，与她同住一个区域的其他七位老年痴呆症患者，他们的亲人也无法再照顾他们了。

6 From the time we were little, Mom warned us that she would never impose on us when she was old. In the depths of the Depression, she had been displaced from her bedroom by an elderly relative who lived with her family of four sisters, mother and father, and she never forgot it. Dad was forced to commit her here; he was her same age and in failing health, and he could no longer cope with her care.
从我们小时候起，妈妈就告诫我们，她老了也绝不会拖累我们。在大萧条最严重的时候，她被一位和她们家（她有四个姐妹，还有父母）同住的老年亲戚挤出了自己的卧室，她一直没忘记这件事。爸爸不得已才把她送到这里；他和妈妈同岁，健康状况也在恶化，没办法再照顾她了。

7 While he was alive, they saw each other all the time. He would walk over from his assisted – living building next door. He is now gone for two years. Her real home, her husband of 65 years, her children, her profession, her hobbies and skills, even her green thumb — these have all faded from her life. She can’t remember that she was a home ec teacher, a mother of eight, with an adoring husband; that she could grow anything, could sew beautifully, always dressed impeccably and didn’t care for entertaining.
他在世的时候，他们总是见面。他会从隔壁的辅助生活公寓走过来。他已经去世两年了。她真正的家、和她相伴65年的丈夫、她的孩子、她的职业、她的爱好和技能，甚至她的园艺天赋 —— 这些都从她的生活中渐渐消逝了。她不记得自己曾是家政课老师、八个孩子的母亲，有一个疼爱她的丈夫；不记得自己什么都能种活、缝纫技艺精湛、总是穿着得体，也不热衷于社交应酬。

8 I live a thousand miles away in Baltimore, and I visit her every three months. Spacing the visits like this means that I see definite changes in her memory with each visit. I am a physician and I can’t help noticing that she is slipping each time I see her.
我住在一千英里外的巴尔的摩，每三个月去看她一次。这样间隔着探望，意味着每次去我都能看到她记忆力的明显变化。我是个医生，每次见到她，都忍不住注意到她的状况在变差。

9 I cannot let her know in advance of my visits because she cannot use a telephone, and she has virtually no memory of recent events. Even if told of my visit by her caregivers, she would not retain the information.
我没法提前告诉她我要去探望，因为她不会用电话，而且对近期发生的事几乎没什么记忆。就算她的护理人员告诉她我要去，她也记不住。

10 So I just show up. She is never surprised to see me. The ability to be surprised seems not to have survived the ravages of her dementia. She accepts what comes to her. Despite this, she has never yet failed to recognize me, although recognition has been a little slow lately. First I see a puzzled expression on her face, as she searches her moth – eaten memory for my name, my identity. Then she smiles and greets me by name, introduces me all around with all three names, first, middle and nickname. Names she gave me. Relief floods over me each time.
所以我就直接出现。她见到我从不惊讶。惊讶的能力似乎没能在老年痴呆的摧残下保留下来。她接受发生在自己身上的一切。尽管如此，她一直都能认出我，虽然最近认人的速度有点慢。一开始，我会看到她脸上露出困惑的神情，她在自己被啃噬般的记忆里搜寻我的名字、我的身份。然后她会微笑着叫我的名字跟我打招呼，用我的全名、中间名和昵称把我介绍给周围的人。这些名字都是她给我取的。每次看到她认出我，我都如释重负。

11 I lead the way as we slowly step from the meeting room and walk through the glass doors to the outside. She haltingly pushes her walker in front of her as she negotiates the doorway. Brilliant sunshine assaults us as we step into the enclosed courtyard. There is a cupola in the center, with benches inside, and smooth, paved paths around the outer edge. Flowers have been planted all around the perimeter and in waist – high planters scattered here and there.
我在前面带路，我们慢慢从会议室走出来，穿过玻璃门来到外面。她在过门口时，吃力地把助行器推到身前。我们走进封闭的庭院时，强烈的阳光照在身上。庭院中央有个圆顶建筑，里面有长椅，外围是平坦的铺砌小径。庭院四周和到处散落的齐腰高的花箱里都种满了花。

12 We walk together to a grouping of three rocking chairs in the shade of a birch tree, really a lovely spot. We have sat here before, many times. I grab a rocker, and she gingerly transfers from her walker into a chair. I ask a few questions, focusing on the weather and our immediate surroundings. She has lost nearly everything, except what is in the immediate here and now. She can become temporarily sad and confused if she cannot remember someone I talk about, so I don’t mention my family. It is easier if we just talk about the beautiful day.
我们一起走到桦树树荫下的三把摇椅旁，这地方真的很美。我们以前来过很多次，坐在这儿。我拉过一把摇椅，她小心翼翼地从助行器挪到椅子上。我问了几个问题，都是关于天气和我们周围环境的。她几乎什么都不记得了，除了眼前当下的事。要是我提到某个人她想不起来，她会暂时变得难过又困惑，所以我不提我的家人。只聊聊美好的天气，会更轻松些。

13 Then another patient, a woman in her 70s who is in excellent physical condition, thin and trim, speed – walks by, on her twice – daily constitutional. She drops down in the remaining rocker on the other side of my mother, asks her how she is and why she is not walking. I know her well; we see each other at each visit. But despite her physical well – being, she has severe dementia, too.
这时，另一个病人走了过来，是个70多岁的女人，身体状况很好，身材苗条，正在进行每天两次的散步锻炼，快步走过。她在我母亲旁边剩下的那把摇椅上坐下，问母亲身体怎么样，为什么不出去走走。我很了解她，每次探望母亲都会见到她。但尽管她身体好，也患有严重的老年痴呆。

14 As she sits, I get up to walk a bit in the sun, and as I leave, I overhear the fellow patient ask who I am. I almost cry when I hear the answer.
她坐下后，我起身去太阳下走一会儿，离开的时候，我听到那个病友问我是谁。听到回答时，我差点哭出来。

15 “Some lady from church,” my mother says.
“教堂里的某个女士。” 我母亲说。

(965 words)
（965词）

问题英文原题、中文翻译及解析

I. Reading for information（阅读获取信息）

A. Reading to find main ideas（阅读寻找主旨）

1. The author’s mother will not rise from her position on the couch when she greets her because __.

◦ 作者的母亲和她打招呼时不从沙发上起身，是因为__。

◦ A. she suffers great pressure of sitting

◦ 她承受着坐姿带来的巨大压力

◦ B. she cannot remember the author’s name and identity

◦ 她记不起作者的名字和身份

◦ C. a special pad on the couch prevents her from standing up

◦ 沙发上的特殊垫子阻止她站起来

◦ D. it is a tough task for her to get up from a sitting position

◦ 对她来说，从坐姿起身是件艰难的事

答案：D
解析：文中第2段提到 “She is weak, and rising from a sitting position is an ordeal, so she remains in place…” ，说明母亲身体虚弱，从坐姿起身很艰难，所以不起身，D选项正确。A选项“坐姿压力大”不是不起身的直接原因；B选项“记不起作者身份”与起身无关；C选项“垫子阻止起身”错误，垫子是保护身体免受坐姿压力，不是阻止起身，所以选D。

2. Over the past few years, life of the author’s mother has been plagued by __.

◦ 在过去几年里，作者母亲的生活一直受__困扰。

◦ A. cancer

◦ 癌症

◦ B. dementia

◦ 老年痴呆

◦ C. frequent hospital visits

◦ 频繁住院

◦ D. periodic mood swings

◦ 周期性情绪波动

答案：B
解析：文中第3段提到 “in the facility for people with advanced dementia” ，第7段等也多次提及母亲的老年痴呆情况，说明母亲受老年痴呆困扰，B选项正确。A选项“癌症”、C选项“频繁住院”、D选项“周期性情绪波动”文中均未提及，所以选B。

B. Reading to find major details（阅读寻找主要细节）

3. The author’s dad was forced to commit her mom to the facility because .

• 作者的父亲不得已把母亲送到疗养机构，是因为。
• A. he could no longer cope with her care
• 他没办法再照顾她了
• B. he was much older than her and was in failing health
• 他比母亲大很多，健康状况不佳
• C. she was always bossing him around at home
• 她在家总是对他发号施令
• D. she was displaced from her bedroom by an elderly relative
• 她被一位老年亲戚挤出了卧室

答案：A
解析：文中第6段提到 “Dad was forced to commit her here; he was her same age and in failing health, and he could no longer cope with her care.” ，说明父亲因健康恶化，无法再照顾母亲，所以送她去机构，A选项正确。B选项“比母亲大很多”错误，原文是同岁；C选项“在家发号施令”文中未提；D选项是母亲小时候的经历，不是送她去机构的原因，所以选A。

4. The author lives a thousand miles away and visits her mom __.

◦ 作者住在一千英里外，探望母亲的频率是__。

◦ A. every other month

◦ 每隔一个月

◦ B. twice a year

◦ 一年两次

◦ C. on a quarterly basis

◦ 按季度（每三个月一次 ）

◦ D. almost every month

◦ 几乎每个月

答案：C
解析：文中第8段提到 “I live a thousand miles away in Baltimore, and I visit her every three months.” ，every three months 即每三个月，也就是按季度探望，C选项正确。A选项“每隔一个月”是每两个月；B选项“一年两次”是每六个月；D选项“几乎每月”错误，所以选C。

C. Reading to find relevant facts（阅读寻找相关事实）

5. When her mom could still greet her by name during her previous visits, the author felt .

• 以前探望时，母亲还能叫出她的名字，作者感觉。
• A. surprised
• 惊讶
• B. touched
• 感动
• C. relieved
• 如释重负
• D. confused
• 困惑

答案：C
解析：文中第10段提到 “Relief floods over me each time.” ，说明每次母亲认出自己并叫出名字，作者都感到如释重负，C选项正确。A选项“惊讶”、B选项“感动”、D选项“困惑”均不符合文意，所以选C。

6. The author was broken – hearted during her most recent visit because her mom __.

◦ 在最近一次探望时，作者很伤心，因为母亲__。

◦ A. had forgotten the author’s nickname

◦ 忘记了作者的昵称

◦ B. apparently had no idea who the author was

◦ 显然不知道作者是谁

◦ C. was only focusing on the immediate here and now

◦ 只关注眼前当下的事

◦ D. was unable to transfer from her walker into a chair

◦ 没法从助行器挪到椅子上

答案：B
解析：文中第14 – 15段提到，作者听到母亲把自己说成 “教堂里的某个女士”，说明母亲显然不认识作者了，这让作者伤心，B选项正确。A选项“忘记昵称”不是主要原因；C选项“关注眼前事”是母亲痴呆的常态，不是这次伤心的原因；D选项“没法挪到椅子上”文中未提及此次有这种情况，所以选B。

文章及翻译

The End of the Full Full – Time Salaried Job
全职带薪工作的终结

By Dan Schawbel
作者：丹·肖贝尔

1 In 1997, author Dan Pink noted in an article in Fast Company magazine that there were approximately 25 million “free agents” in the U.S. A free agent, much like in sports, is a person who does not have any commitments that restrict their actions, and it includes all nonsalaried jobs. Free agents are also referred to as contract workers, consultants and freelancers. They don’t receive health care benefits, unemployment insurance or collective – bargaining rights. Free agents work with multiple clients on a variety of projects based on their unique set of abilities.
1997年，作家丹·平克在《快公司》杂志的一篇文章中指出，美国大约有2500万 “自由职业者”。就像体育界的自由球员一样，自由职业者是指没有任何限制其行动的承诺的人，涵盖所有无薪工作。自由职业者也被称为合同工、顾问和自由职业者（freelancers）。他们没有医疗福利、失业保险或集体谈判权。自由职业者凭借自身独特的能力组合，为多个客户开展各类项目工作。

2 In 2011, Kelly Services found that the number of free agents had grown to 44 million as Americans desired more freedom, flexibility and ways to get paid for their professional skills. Recently, a study by MBO Partners projected that there could be 70 million free agents by 2020, creating a workplace environment with more free agents than full – time employees. That shows that we’re moving from an economy that supported full – time employment and benefits to one where professionals have multiple jobs simultaneously.
2011年，万宝盛华（Kelly Services）发现，由于美国人渴望更多自由、灵活性以及凭借专业技能获取报酬的方式，自由职业者的数量已增长至4400万。最近，MBO Partners的一项研究预测，到2020年，自由职业者可能达到7000万，届时工作场所中自由职业者的数量将超过全职员工。这表明，我们正从一个支持全职就业和福利的经济模式，向一个专业人士同时从事多份工作的经济模式转变。

3 Companies are hiring more free agents than ever before because they save money and acquire niche expertise to solve specific business problems. This is different from full – time salaried workers who get benefits and are generalists in their fields. In 2009, companies hired 28% more freelancers, and now in 2012, they are hiring 36% more, reports CareerBuilder. John Challenger, the CEO of Challenger, Gray & Christmas, says that “another benefit of hiring freelancers is that during slow periods, [companies] don’t have to hold onto them.” Companies are moving toward a “hire at will” recruiting strategy and away from a “hire for life” one.
企业比以往任何时候都更倾向于雇佣自由职业者，因为这样可以节省成本，还能获得解决特定业务问题的专业知识。这与全职带薪员工不同，全职员工有福利，且在各自领域是通才。据凯业必达（CareerBuilder）报道，2009年，企业雇佣的自由职业者增加了28%，到2012年，这一比例增至36%。 Challenger, Gray & Christmas公司的首席执行官约翰·查林格表示：“雇佣自由职业者的另一个好处是，在业务淡季，（企业）无需留用他们。” 企业正从 “终身雇佣” 的招聘策略转向 “按需雇佣”。

4 In the current economy, there is no job security, it’s easy for professionals to become irrelevant with the explosion of new technology, and employees are building their careers across organizations, not just up the ladder. The social contract that employers have with workers is evolving to one where “it’s less about loyalty and more important to focus on projects,” says Challenger. So if you’re a free agent, or aspiring to be one, here are a few important tips to keep in mind.
在当前的经济环境下，工作不再有保障，新技术的迅猛发展很容易让专业人士变得无足轻重，而且员工的职业发展不再局限于在一家公司晋升，而是跨组织进行。查林格称，雇主与员工之间的社会契约正在演变，“忠诚不再是重点，关注项目变得更为重要”。所以，如果你是自由职业者，或者渴望成为自由职业者，以下是一些需要牢记的重要建议。

1. Bond Together with Other Free Agents
   与其他自由职业者建立联系

5 The biggest challenge you will have is to build a pipeline of client projects to survive and thrive on. There can be periods of time when you’re looking for the next project, unlike a full – time gig where your manager delivers the next project right to you. You have to be a good salesperson and be able to develop relationships if you want to last in the business. One way around this is to connect with other like – minded free agents and become “master tradesmen”, as Challenger says. This way, you will have more control over contracting out your expertise. By bonding together, you can share resources and have ongoing interactions with clients in a more scalable manner. You should refer jobs to other free agents because they might reciprocate in the future. The karma you create by helping out other people will pay dividends later.
你面临的最大挑战是建立客户项目渠道，以维持业务并实现发展。你可能会有寻找下一个项目的时期，这与全职工作不同，全职工作中经理会直接给你安排下一个项目。如果你想在这个行业长久立足，就必须成为一名优秀的推销员，能够拓展人脉。查林格认为，解决这个问题的一个方法是与其他志同道合的自由职业者建立联系，成为 “行业能手”。这样，你就能更好地掌控自己专业技能的外包业务。通过合作，你们可以共享资源，并以更具规模的方式与客户持续互动。你应该把工作介绍给其他自由职业者，因为他们未来可能会回报你。你帮助他人所积累的 “善因”，日后会带来 “善果”。

2. Tap into Freelance Marketplaces
   利用自由职业者市场

6 Don’t bother searching on Google for freelance gigs because you might be competing with foreign companies who can do work cheaper than you. Gigs that pay well and are in high demand include online marketing, writing specialized material for businesses and media outlets, computer programming and copywriting. Gigs that don’t pay well are blogging, new business development and graphic design. There are websites where you can bid on new projects, blogs with their own job boards and aggregation sites that compile opportunities for you. For starters, you can review thousands of open projects on Elance.com or Freelancer.com and bid on the appropriate ones that match your skill set. Next, you can submit your résumé to job boards on niche blogs, like jobs.problogger.net, for blogging gigs. Finally, you can use aggregation sites like Indeed.com to explore thousands of freelance jobs by keyword. By signing up for these services, it will force you to stay connected to freelance – job postings. As a bonus, you can use Twitter Search to review new opportunities in real time.
别再在谷歌上搜索自由职业工作了，因为你可能会与能以更低成本完成工作的外国公司竞争。报酬丰厚且需求大的工作包括网络营销、为企业和媒体撰写专业内容、计算机编程和文案撰写。报酬不高的工作有写博客、新业务开发和平面设计。有一些网站可供你竞标新项目，还有些博客设有自己的工作板块，以及汇总各类机会的聚合网站。首先，你可以在Elance.com或Freelancer.com上查看数千个公开项目，并对与你技能匹配的合适项目进行投标。其次，你可以把简历提交到小众博客（如jobs.problogger.net）的工作板块，寻找写博客的工作。最后，你可以使用像Indeed.com这样的聚合网站，通过关键词搜索数千个自由职业工作。注册这些服务会促使你持续关注自由职业工作的发布。此外，你还可以利用推特搜索实时查看新的工作机会。

3. Sell Yourself Constantly
   持续推销自己

7 Whenever you’re not working on a client project, you should be getting your name out there. This may become a full – time job when you start your freelance career, but as you grow your client base, it will turn into a part – time job, consuming about 15 hours out of your week. Create a website that shows case studies, your bio, a client list and samples of your work. From there, you should be going to industry events, blogging about your business, speaking at local associations and conferences, creating an e – mail newsletter to keep clients and potentials engaged, and writing articles for trade magazines and websites. You should also ask your satisfied clients for referrals and, if you have the funds, you should advertise your services using Google AdWords, Facebook Social Ads and LinkedIn. You want as many people to know about you as possible because they will be the word – of – mouth engine that builds your business.
只要你没在做客户项目，就应该努力让更多人知道你的名字。在你刚开始自由职业生涯时，这可能会成为一项全职工作，但随着客户群的扩大，它会变成兼职工作，每周大约花费15个小时。创建一个网站，展示案例研究、个人简介、客户名单和工作样本。在此基础上，你应该参加行业活动，撰写关于自己业务的博客，在当地协会和会议上发言，制作电子邮件通讯以保持与客户和潜在客户的互动，为行业杂志和网站撰写文章。你还应该请满意的客户为你推荐业务，如果有资金，你可以使用谷歌广告（Google AdWords）、脸书社交广告（Facebook Social Ads）和领英（LinkedIn）推广你的服务。你希望尽可能多的人了解你，因为他们会成为帮你拓展业务的口碑引擎。

4. Turn Your Projects into a Full – Time Position
   将项目转化为全职工作

8 One third of all freelancers are looking for full – time work, says the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Some free agents may prefer a full – time salaried job with benefits. While you’re working with clients, search their job boards and ask your contacts about open positions when you see them. Start to look at your client as your employer by working longer hours, proposing solutions to problems and attending company events. Let your client know that you want to work for them full – time, because if they don’t know you’re interested, they won’t think about you when a position opens. Although you may be working harder for the same amount of money, you will be in the best position to capitalize on a full – time position. By putting the effort in, you’re showing them that you’re committed, loyal and deserving of the position.
美国劳工统计局称，三分之一的自由职业者在寻找全职工作。一些自由职业者可能更倾向于有福利的全职带薪工作。当你与客户合作时，搜索他们的工作板块，看到有空缺职位时，向你的联系人打听。通过加班工作、提出问题解决方案和参加公司活动，把客户当作你的雇主看待。让你的客户知道你想为他们全职工作，因为如果他们不知道你的兴趣，职位空缺时就不会想到你。虽然为了同样的报酬你可能要更努力工作，但你将最有机会获得全职工作。通过付出努力，你向他们展示了你的投入、忠诚以及值得获得这个职位。

(988 words)
（988词）

问题英文原题、中文翻译及解析

I. Reading for information（阅读获取信息）

A. Reading to find main ideas（阅读寻找主旨）

1. What is the context in which this article is written?

◦ 这篇文章写作的背景是什么？

◦ A. Conventional job market looks gloomy.

◦ 传统就业市场前景黯淡。

◦ B. The unemployment rate is rising sharply.

◦ 失业率急剧上升。

◦ C. College graduates find it hard to land a job.

◦ 大学毕业生难以找到工作。

◦ D. More people may want to be contract workers.

◦ 更多人可能想成为合同工（自由职业者 ）。

答案：D
解析：文章开篇提到自由职业者数量从1997年到2011年的增长，还预测2020年的数量，围绕自由职业者增多这一趋势展开，说明写作背景是更多人可能想成为合同工（自由职业者），D选项正确。A选项“传统就业市场黯淡”、B选项“失业率急剧上升”、C选项“大学生就业难”文中未体现为写作背景，所以选D。

2. What is the author’s attitude towards the new trend in job market?

◦ 作者对就业市场新趋势的态度是什么？

◦ A. Favorable.

◦ 支持的。

◦ B. Neutral.

◦ 中立的。

◦ C. Critical.

◦ 批判的。

◦ D. Indifferent.

◦ 漠不关心的。

答案：B
解析：作者客观陈述自由职业者增多的趋势、企业雇佣自由职业者的原因，以及给自由职业者的建议，未明显表达支持或批判等倾向，态度是中立的，B选项正确。A选项“支持”、C选项“批判”、D选项“漠不关心”均不符合，所以选B。

B. Reading to find major details（阅读寻找主要细节）

3. What accounts for the rapid growth of free agents in America?

• 美国自由职业者数量快速增长的原因是什么？
• A. Higher pay.
• 更高的报酬。
• B. Nicer bosses.
• 更好的老板。
• C. Flexible working hours.
• 灵活的工作时间。
• D. Better working conditions.
• 更好的工作条件。

答案：C
解析：文中第2段提到 “as Americans desired more freedom, flexibility and ways to get paid for their professional skills” ，说明自由、灵活（包括工作时间灵活 ）等是自由职业者增多的原因，C选项正确。A选项“更高报酬”、B选项“更好老板”、D选项“更好工作条件”文中未提及是主要增长原因，所以选C。

4. According to Challenger, in current economy employers are more concerned about __.

◦ 根据查林格的说法，在当前经济环境下，雇主更关心__。

◦ A. worker’s expertise on projects

◦ 员工在项目上的专业技能

◦ B. worker’s loyalty to the company

◦ 员工对公司的忠诚度

◦ C. the explosion of new technology

◦ 新技术的迅猛发展

◦ D. having contracts with professionals

◦ 与专业人士签订合同

答案：A
解析：文中第4段提到 “it’s less about loyalty and more important to focus on projects” ，结合前文企业雇佣自由职业者获取专业知识解决问题，可知雇主更关心员工在项目上的专业技能，A选项正确。B选项“忠诚度”是以前关注的，现在不那么重视；C选项“新技术发展”是背景，不是雇主关心的；D选项“与专业人士签合同”不是重点，所以选A。

C. Reading to find relevant facts（阅读寻找相关事实）

5. Which of the following is a feature of a free agent?

• 以下哪项是自由职业者的特征？
• A. Having a salaried job.
• 有带薪工作。
• B. Loyal to one employer.
• 对一个雇主忠诚。
• C. Based on client projects.
• 基于客户项目（开展工作 ）。
• D. Prioritizing personal interests.
• 优先考虑个人利益。

答案：C
解析：文中第1段提到 “Free agents work with multiple clients on a variety of projects based on their unique set of abilities.” ，说明自由职业者基于自身能力为多个客户做项目，C选项正确。A选项“有带薪工作”错误，自由职业者无薪；B选项“对一个雇主忠诚”错误，他们为多个客户工作；D选项“优先考虑个人利益”文中未提及为特征，所以选C。

6. Free agents are favored by companies in the job market in that __.

◦ 自由职业者在就业市场中受企业青睐的原因是__。

◦ A. they are experts in certain fields

◦ 他们是某些领域的专家

◦ B. they are willing to work hard

◦ 他们愿意努力工作

◦ C. they are efficient and reliable

◦ 他们高效且可靠

◦ D. they don’t demand high salary

◦ 他们不要求高工资

答案：A
解析：文中第3段提到 “companies are hiring more free agents than ever before because they save money and acquire niche expertise to solve specific business problems.” ，说明企业青睐自由职业者是因为他们有特定领域的专业知识（niche expertise ），能解决特定业务问题，A选项正确。B选项“愿意努力工作”、C选项“高效可靠”、D选项“不要求高工资”文中未提及是受青睐的主要原因，所以选A。

文章及翻译

Beyond Babies (I)
超越生育（上）

By Stefan Theil
作者：斯特凡·泰尔

1 At the fashionable café on bustling Kolonaki Square in downtown Athens, Greek professionals in their 30s and early 40s luxuriate over iced cappuccinos. Their favourite topic of conversation is, of course, relationships: men’s reluctance to commit, women’s independence, and when to have children — or, increasingly, whether to have them at all. “With the years passing my chances of having a child go down,” says Eirini Petropoulou, a 37-year-old administrative assistant at the Associated Press news agency. “But I won’t marry anyone just to have a child.” She loves her work and gets her social sustenance from her close-knit group of like-minded friends, who increasingly play the role of family for young Greeks. “If at 45 I’m still childless, I’ll consider having a child on my own,” she says. But it’s not as if her sense of personal fulfillment depends on it.
在雅典市中心热闹的科隆纳基广场（Kolonaki Square）的时尚咖啡馆里，三四十岁的希腊专业人士惬意地享用着冰卡布奇诺。他们最喜欢谈论的话题当然是感情问题：男性对承诺的迟疑、女性的独立，以及何时要孩子 —— 或者，越来越多的人在考虑到底要不要孩子。“随着时间流逝，我生孩子的机会越来越小，” 美联社（Associated Press）37岁的行政助理埃里尼·彼得罗普卢（Eirini Petropoulou）说，“但我不会为了要孩子就随便嫁给某个人。” 她热爱自己的工作，从关系紧密、志同道合的朋友那里获得社交支持，这些朋友对年轻的希腊人来说，正越来越多地扮演着家庭的角色。“如果到45岁我还没有孩子，我会考虑自己要一个，” 她说。但她的个人成就感似乎并不取决于是否有孩子。

2 Just a few decades ago, Petropoulou and her friends might have been considered, well, odd. Greece was known as one of Europe’s most traditional societies, where the Orthodox Church’s strict commandment to marry and multiply held sway. Powerful social and religious taboos labelled childless women as barren spinsters, and cast suspicion on the sexual preferences of single, middle-aged men. No longer. In the space of a generation, that tight social corset has largely vanished, thanks to an array of factors, including better education and job options for women and Greece’s entry into the cultural mainstream of the European Union. The result: a marriage rate below the EU average, and a birthrate among the world’s lowest, at 1.3 per woman. To young Greeks like Petropoulou, babies are great — if the timing is right. But they’re certainly not essential.
就在几十年前，彼得罗普卢和她的朋友们可能会被认为是 …… 嗯，古怪的。希腊曾被视为欧洲最传统的社会之一，东正教会（Orthodox Church）要求结婚生子的严格诫命占据主导地位。强大的社会和宗教禁忌将没有孩子的女性贴上 “ barren spinsters（ barren 有 ‘不育的、贫瘠的’ 意思，spinster 指 ‘老姑娘、未婚女子’ ，这里可理解为 ‘ barren spinsters（不孕的老姑娘 ）’ ）” 的标签，还对单身中年男性的性取向产生怀疑。但现在不同了。在一代人的时间里，由于一系列因素，包括女性更好的教育和工作选择，以及希腊融入欧盟的文化主流，那种严格的社会束缚已基本消失。结果是：结婚率低于欧盟平均水平，生育率处于世界最低水平之一，每名女性仅生育1.3个孩子。对像彼得罗普卢这样的希腊年轻人来说，孩子很好 —— 但要时机合适才行。但孩子肯定不是必不可少的。

3 In Greece, as in much of the world, having kids is no longer a given among a growing swath of the population. “Never before has childlessness been a legitimate option for women and men in so many societies,” says Catherine Hakim, who studies the phenomenon at the London School of Economics. In a rapid shift occurring in countries as disparate as Switzerland and Singapore, Canada and South Korea, young people are extending their child-free adulthood by postponing children until they are well into their 30s, or even 40s and beyond.
在希腊，和世界上许多地方一样，在越来越多的人群中，要孩子不再是一件理所当然的事。“在如此多的社会中，无子女状态从未像现在这样成为男女都能接受的合理选择，” 伦敦政治经济学院（London School of Economics）研究这一现象的凯瑟琳·哈基姆（Catherine Hakim）说。在瑞士、新加坡、加拿大和韩国等差异很大的国家，正在发生快速的转变，年轻人通过将生育推迟到30多岁，甚至40多岁及以后，来延长自己无子女的成年期。

4 A growing share are ending up with no children at all. Lifetime childlessness in western Germany has hit 30 percent among university-educated women, and is rapidly rising among lower-class men. In Britain, the number of women remaining childless has doubled in 20 years. In Japan, where the birthrate stands at a dismal 1.25 per woman, a record 56 percent of 30-year-old women are still childless, up from 24 percent in 1985. “Whether they become mothers or not will determine the future of Japan,” says Miho Iwasawa of Japan’s National Institute for Population Research.
越来越多的人最终完全没有孩子。在西德，受过大学教育的女性中，终身无子女的比例已达到30%，在下层社会男性中这一比例也在迅速上升。在英国，无子女女性的数量在20年里翻了一番。在日本，生育率低至每名女性1.25个孩子，30岁女性中无子女的比例达到了创纪录的56%，而1985年这一比例为24%。“日本女性是否成为母亲将决定日本的未来，” 日本国立人口与社会保障研究所（National Institute for Population Research）的岩泽美穗（Miho Iwasawa）说。

5 The trend has spawned a new culture of childlessness. In Britain, there’s a growing market for books such as Child-Free and Loving It, which journalist Nicki Defago says she wrote “to let women deciding against children know that their feelings are perfectly normal.” New support groups for the childless have sprung up, from the Vancouver-based No Kidding! to the British Childfree Association. In Japan, the trend toward postponing or not having children has given rise to an array of products like bedding supplier Kameo’s Boyfriend Arm Pillow, and fueled trends like the unprecedented surge in pet ownership. Capitalizing on the growing status of these baby-substitutes among young Japanese, Honda is now designing cars that replace child seats with dog crates, and has even created a glove compartment with place for a Pekingese.
这种趋势催生了一种新的无子女文化。在英国，像《无孩且快乐》（Child-Free and Loving It ）这样的书籍市场需求不断增长，记者尼基·德法戈（Nicki Defago）说她写这本书是 “为了让决定不要孩子的女性知道，她们的感受非常正常”。新的无子女支持团体如雨后春笋般涌现，从温哥华的 “别开玩笑了！”（No Kidding! ）到英国的 “无孩协会”（Childfree Association ）。在日本，推迟生育或不生育的趋势催生了一系列产品，比如床上用品供应商龟尾（Kameo）的 “男友手臂枕”（Boyfriend Arm Pillow ），还助长了一些潮流，比如宠物 ownership（拥有量、饲养 ）的空前激增。本田（Honda）利用这些 “婴儿替代品” 在日本年轻人中日益提升的地位，正在设计用狗笼取代儿童安全座椅的汽车，甚至还设计了一个可以放置京巴犬的手套箱。

6 In Australia, real-estate developers and agents have focused on the childless as the fastest-growing type of household. With their generally higher spending power, the childless are driving real-estate prices in expensive areas like Manhattan and central London; a recent British study showed a house’s value drops by 5 percent if neighbors move in with teenage kids. Hotels are catering to the childless, too; Italy’s La Veduta country resort promises, “Your Tuscan holiday will not be shattered by the clamor of children.” In Rome, many restaurants make it clear that children are not welcome — in some cases by establishing themselves as “clubs,” where members must be older than 18 to join.
在澳大利亚，房地产开发商和中介将无子女家庭视为增长最快的家庭类型。由于无子女人群通常有更高的消费能力，他们正在推高曼哈顿和伦敦市中心等昂贵地区的房地产价格；英国最近的一项研究表明，如果邻居带着十几岁的孩子搬进来，房屋价值会下降5%。酒店也在迎合无子女人群；意大利的拉韦杜塔乡村度假村（La Veduta country resort）承诺：“您的托斯卡纳假期不会被孩子们的喧闹破坏。” 在罗马，许多餐厅明确表示不欢迎儿童 —— 在某些情况下，它们把自己打造成 “俱乐部”，规定成员必须年满18岁才能加入。

7 The latest surge in childlessness does not follow historic patterns. For centuries in Western Europe, it was not unusual for a quarter of women to remain childless — a higher rate than in any country today. (In fact, demographers say it was the family-happy 1950s and 1960s that defied the historical norm.) But in the past, childlessness was usually the product of poverty or upheaval, of missing men in times of war; infertility strikes 3 percent of couples at most. Today the decision to have — or not have — a child is the result of a complex combination of factors, including relationships, career opportunities, lifestyle and economics.
最新的无子女现象激增并不遵循历史模式。在西欧几个世纪以来，四分之一的女性无子女并不罕见 —— 这一比例比当今任何国家都要高。（事实上，人口统计学家说，家庭幸福的20世纪50年代和60年代才是违背历史常态的。）但在过去，无子女通常是贫困或动荡的产物，是战争时期男性缺失的结果；最多只有3% 的夫妇受不孕不育困扰。如今，要孩子或不要孩子的决定是多种复杂因素共同作用的结果，包括感情关系、职业机会、生活方式和经济状况。

8 The new normalcy of childlessness affects all social classes, not just the stereotypical urban slackers or DINKs (double-income-no-kids). Katy Hoffmann, a 37-year-old hairstylist in the village of Friesack, an hour west of Berlin, says, “Even when I was a little girl I knew deep inside I didn’t want children.” Growing up in communist East Germany, the pressure was intense to marry and get pregnant by the age of 18, not least to qualify for a state-assigned flat. With the fall of the wall came the freedom to choose her life. Her husband, Lars, a 39-year-old firefighter, says he’s long been indifferent to kids as well. “At the station the guys with kids tell us childless guys we should do our duty so that we Germans don’t die out,” he says. “But if I look at all the unemployment today, I’d say a little (population) shrinking couldn’t hurt.”
无子女的新常态化影响着所有社会阶层，而不仅仅是刻板印象中的城市懒汉或丁克（双收入无子女）群体。凯蒂·霍夫曼（Katy Hoffmann）是柏林以西一小时车程的弗里萨克村（Friesack）的一名37岁发型师，她说：“甚至在我还是个小女孩的时候，我内心深处就知道自己不想要孩子。” 她在共产主义时期的东德长大，当时到18岁就要结婚怀孕的压力很大，这在很大程度上是为了有资格获得国家分配的公寓。随着柏林墙的倒塌，她有了选择自己生活的自由。她的丈夫拉斯（Lars）是一名39岁的消防员，他说自己长期以来对孩子也漠不关心。“在消防站，有孩子的同事告诉我们这些没孩子的人，我们应该尽义务，这样我们德国人就不会灭绝，” 他说，“但看看如今的失业情况，我想说，人口略有减少也没什么坏处。”

9 And while child-free households have long been common in the big cities of America and Western Europe, they’re fast gaining acceptability in more-traditional rural societies as well. Only a few decades ago, Southern European countries like Italy, Greece and Spain were synonymous with fruitful families and tight-knit clans — and their social ostracism of those who didn’t fit the mold. Now those three countries are tied for Europe’s lowest birthrate. Today close to a quarter of all 40-year-old Italian women expect to remain childless.
虽然无子女家庭在美国和西欧的大城市早已司空见惯，但在更传统的农村社会，它们也正迅速获得认可。就在几十年前，意大利、希腊和西班牙等南欧国家还是多子女家庭和紧密宗族的代名词 —— 并且会对不符合这种模式的人进行社会排斥。现在，这三个国家的生育率并列欧洲最低。如今，几乎四分之一的40岁意大利女性预计会无子女。

(1,038 words)
（1038词）

（待续）

问题英文原题、中文翻译及解析

I. Reading for information（阅读获取信息）

A. Reading to find main ideas（阅读寻找主旨）

1. In Greece, which was known as a traditional society, young people __.

◦ 在曾被视为传统社会的希腊，年轻人__。

◦ A. granted priority to their work and family

◦ 优先考虑工作和家庭

◦ B. treasured social support from close-knit friends

◦ 珍视来自关系紧密朋友的社交支持

◦ C. followed the trend of childlessness

◦ 追随无子女的趋势

◦ D. focused on their career and were in pursuit of personal fulfilment

◦ 专注于职业，追求个人成就

答案：D
解析：文中第1段提到 “She loves her work and gets her social sustenance from her close-knit group of like-minded friends… But it’s not as if her sense of personal fulfillment depends on it.” ，结合第2段希腊社会转变，说明年轻人更关注职业和个人成就，D选项正确。A选项“优先考虑家庭”错误；B选项“珍视朋友支持”是细节，非主旨；C选项“追随无子女趋势”是结果，不是年轻人的核心状态，所以选D。

2. The social change that has taken place in Greece, i.e. the choice to go childless, is the result of __.

◦ 希腊发生的社会变化，即选择无子女，是__的结果。

◦ A. extended child-free adulthood

◦ 延长的无子女成年期

◦ B. a lower marriage rate

◦ 更低的结婚率

◦ C. less strict religious commandment

◦ 没那么严格的宗教诫命

◦ D. cultural influence from other European nations

◦ 其他欧洲国家的文化影响

答案：D
解析：文中第2段提到 “thanks to an array of factors, including better education and job options for women and Greece’s entry into the cultural mainstream of the European Union.” ，说明希腊融入欧盟文化主流（受其他欧洲国家文化影响 ）是无子女选择出现的原因，D选项正确。A选项“延长无子女成年期”是变化表现；B选项“结婚率低”是结果；C选项“宗教诫命没那么严格”只是部分因素，不全面，所以选D。

B. Reading to find major details（阅读寻找主要细节）

3. The example of Honda’s cars with dog crates instead of child seats shows .

• 本田用狗笼取代儿童安全座椅的汽车例子表明。
• A. the company’s quick response to the surge in pet ownership
• 公司对宠物饲养激增的快速响应
• B. dogs are generally considered the best substitutes for babies
• 狗通常被认为是婴儿的最佳替代品
• C. the permeation of the new culture of childlessness
• 无子女新文化的渗透
• D. the company’s support for women’s decision to go childless
• 公司对女性无子女决定的支持

答案：C
解析：文中第5段提到 “The trend has spawned a new culture of childlessness… Capitalizing on the growing status of these baby-substitutes among young Japanese, Honda is now designing cars that replace child seats with dog crates…” ，说明本田的例子体现了无子女新文化的影响，C选项正确。A选项“响应宠物饲养激增”是表面；B选项“狗是最佳替代品”错误；D选项“公司支持女性无子女决定”文中未提，所以选C。

4. Which of the following is NOT the cause of childlessness in the past?

◦ 以下哪项不是过去无子女的原因？

◦ A. Personal decision.

◦ 个人决定。

◦ B. War.

◦ 战争。

◦ C. Social chaos.

◦ 社会动荡。

◦ D. Poverty.

◦ 贫困。

答案：A
解析：文中第7段提到 “But in the past, childlessness was usually the product of poverty or upheaval, of missing men in times of war; infertility strikes 3 percent of couples at most.” ，说明过去无子女原因是贫困、动荡、战争，A选项“个人决定”不是，所以选A。

C. Reading to find relevant facts（阅读寻找相关事实）

题目解析

第5题

• 题目：By saying “If I look at all the unemployment today, I’d say a little (population) shrinking wouldn’t hurt”, Lars means .（拉斯说 “如果看看如今的失业情况，我会说人口略有减少也无妨”，他的意思是 。 ）
• 选项分析：

◦ A选项：childlessness can help ease unemployment（无子女有助于缓解失业 ）。文中拉斯提到失业情况，结合人口减少和失业的关联，理解为无子女（人口减少相关）能缓解失业，该选项合理。

◦ B选项：the birthrate is high enough to sustain social development（生育率足够高以维持社会发展 ）。原文未提及生育率足够高，且与人口减少的语境不符，排除。

◦ C选项：if youth choose a life without children, it doesn’t hurt（如果年轻人选择无子女的生活，没什么坏处 ）。表述比较宽泛，未结合 “失业” 这一关键语境，不如A选项精准，排除。

◦ D选项：Germans as a nation won’t die out（德国作为一个民族不会灭绝 ）。与 “人口减少无妨” 表意相悖，排除。

• 答案：A

第6题

• 题目：The author mentions Eirini Petropoulou at the beginning of the passage .（作者在文章开头提到埃里尼·彼得罗普卢是为了 。 ）
• 选项分析：

◦ A选项：because she is the major character of the text（因为她是文章的主要人物 ）。文章并非围绕她展开，她只是引出话题的例子，排除。

◦ B选项：because she is already 37 years old and still childless（因为她已经37岁且仍无子女 ）。这是她的个人情况，不是提及她的核心目的，排除。

◦ C选项：just in order to pave the way for the theme of the passage（为了为文章主题做铺垫 ）。通过她的经历和观念，引出希腊社会人们对生育态度转变这一主题，该选项正确。

◦ D选项：just in order to show how untraditional Greek women have become（为了展示希腊女性变得多么非传统 ）。重点是通过个体体现社会整体生育观念趋势，而非单纯突出女性非传统，排除。

• 答案：C

文章及翻译

The Ties That Bind
维系我们的纽带

By Claudia Kalb
作者：克劳迪娅·卡尔布

1 Our blood holds the secrets to who we are. Human genomes are 99.9 percent identical; we are far more similar than diverse. But that tiny 0.1 percent difference reveals clues to our ancestries. In recent years, as companies have sprung up claiming to trace one’s background through genetic testing, tens of thousands of people have swabbed their cheeks and mailed in their DNA to discover more about where they came from. Far – flung cousins are finding each other; family legends are being overturned. Six years ago the term “genetic genealogy” was meaningless, but now the interest is huge.
我们的血液蕴含着关于我们是谁的秘密。人类基因组99.9% 是相同的；我们的相似之处远多于不同之处。但那微小的0.1% 的差异揭示了我们祖先的线索。近年来，随着宣称可通过基因检测追溯个人背景的公司纷纷涌现，数万人用棉签擦拭脸颊，将自己的DNA寄去，以探寻更多关于自己起源的信息。远亲们得以相互找到彼此；家族传说正被推翻。六年前，“基因谱系学” 这个术语毫无意义，但如今人们对它的兴趣极大。

2 As individuals track down their personal family narratives, population geneticists are seeking to tell the larger story of humankind. Our most recent common ancestors — a genetic “Adam” and “Eve” — have been traced back to Africa, and other intriguing forebears are being discovered all over the map. One group of scientists recently found that 40 percent of the world’s Ashkenazi Jews are descended from just four women; another reported that one in five males in northwest Ireland may be a descendant of a legendary fifth – century warlord. The most ambitious effort by far is the National Geographic Society’s $40 million Genographic Project, which aims to collect 100,000 DNA samples from indigenous populations around the world over the next five years. The goal: to trace human roots from the present day back to the origin of our species. To create, says project director Spencer Wells, “a virtual museum of human history.”
当个人追寻自己的家族故事时，群体遗传学家正致力于讲述人类更宏大的故事。我们最近的共同祖先 —— 基因层面的 “亚当” 和 “夏娃” —— 已被追溯到非洲，其他引人入胜的祖先也在世界各地被发现。一组科学家最近发现，世界上40% 的阿什肯纳兹犹太人是仅四位女性的后裔；另一组报告称，爱尔兰西北部每五个男性中就有一个可能是五世纪一位传奇军阀的后裔。目前最宏大的项目是美国国家地理学会耗资4000万美元的 “基因地理项目”，该项目旨在未来五年内从世界各地的原住民群体中收集10万个DNA样本。目标是：将人类根源从当下追溯到我们这个物种的起源。项目负责人斯宾塞·韦尔斯表示，要创建 “一座人类历史的虚拟博物馆”。

3 How does genetic testing work? The DNA in each of our cells not only dictates the color of our eyes, it also contains the footprints of our ancestors. A child’s genome is almost entirely a mix of genetic material created by the union of mother and father. Only two parts of the genome remain pure, untainted by the influence of a mate’s DNA: the Y (passed down from father to son), and mitochondrial DNA (from mother to both sons and daughters). Scrape the inside of your cheek, and for $100 and up, a testing company will map your DNA markers into your own genetic pattern called a haplotype, then tell you which major branch of the human tree you hail from.
基因检测是如何运作的呢？我们每个细胞中的DNA不仅决定了我们眼睛的颜色，还包含着我们祖先的 “足迹”。一个孩子的基因组几乎完全是父母基因物质结合产生的混合体。基因组中只有两个部分保持纯净，不受配偶DNA的影响：Y染色体（从父亲传给儿子）和线粒体DNA（从母亲传给儿子和女儿）。擦拭你的脸颊内部，花费100美元及以上，一家检测公司会将你的DNA标记绘制成你自己的基因模式，称为单倍型，然后告诉你你属于人类谱系的哪个主要分支。

4 Armed with haplotypes, genealogists can now join Surname Projects on the Internet. These online communities allow people to compare genomes. Find a match, and you may be able to fill in branches on your family tree. “Eventually, you’ll be able to query the database and find relatives you don’t even know you have,” says a scientific officer.
有了单倍型，系谱学家现在可以加入互联网上的 “姓氏项目”。这些在线社区让人们可以比较基因组。找到匹配项，你可能就能填补家族谱系上的分支。“最终，你将能够查询数据库，找到你甚至不知道自己有的亲属，” 一位科学官员说。

5 The science can also uncover links to ancient cultures, even religious heritage. Dr. Karl Skorecki was told from childhood that he was one of the Cohanim, descended from Moses’ brother Aaron, a high Jewish priest. Sitting in synagogue one day, he noticed that another Cohan who was called to the Torah looked nothing like him. “He was a Jewish male of North African ancestry, I am a Jewish male of European ancestry,” Skorecki, of the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, remembers thinking. “If he has that tradition and I have that tradition, perhaps there’s a greater chance that we share similar markers on the Y chromosome.” After studying DNA samples, Skorecki and geneticist Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona uncovered a genetic Cohan signature.
这门科学还能揭示与古代文化甚至宗教遗产的联系。卡尔·斯科雷基博士从小就被告知自己是 “科哈尼姆”（Cohanim ）之一，是摩西的兄弟、大祭司亚伦的后裔。一天坐在犹太教堂里，他注意到另一位被召唤去读《托拉》（Torah ）的 “科汉”（Cohan ）长得和他一点也不像。“他是北非血统的犹太男性，我是欧洲血统的犹太男性，” 以色列理工学院（Technion – Israel Institute of Technology）的斯科雷基回忆起当时的想法，“如果他有那种传统，我也有那种传统，也许我们在Y染色体上有相似标记的可能性更大。” 在研究了DNA样本后，斯科雷基和亚利桑那大学的遗传学家迈克尔·哈默发现了 “科汉” 基因特征。

6 The science does have its limits. Since researchers don’t have any actual DNA from the likes of Genghis Khan, proving direct descent from certain historical figures is virtually impossible. Testing family roots through the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA has serious limitations, too: it tells you only about your direct paternal or maternal lineage, not the ancestral footprints hidden in the rest of your genome. Some scientists worry that these tests will be used as entertainment, or that people will link behaviors or characteristics with race, an idea that has been reviled in recent history.
这门科学确实有其局限性。由于研究人员没有成吉思汗等人的实际DNA，要证明自己是某些历史人物的直系后裔实际上是不可能的。通过Y染色体和线粒体DNA测试家族根源也有严重的局限性：它只能告诉你关于你的直系父系或母系血统，而不是隐藏在你基因组其他部分的祖先 “足迹”。一些科学家担心这些测试会被用作娱乐，或者人们会将行为或特征与种族联系起来，而这种想法在近代历史上一直受到谴责。

7 The most interesting results may come from investigations into human, rather than personal, ancestry. Using DNA markers and mathematical time – clock calculations, researchers have identified our ancestral Adam and Eve. Until DNA testing, scientists debated whether humans originated in Africa or in a number of different places around the globe. These recent findings support the theory that humans descended from a small group of people who lived in Africa tens of thousands of years ago.
最有趣的结果可能来自对人类（而非个人）祖先的研究。利用DNA标记和数学 “时间钟” 计算，研究人员已经确定了我们的祖先 “亚当” 和 “夏娃”。在DNA测试出现之前，科学家们对人类是起源于非洲还是全球多个不同地方存在争议。这些最新发现支持了人类是数万年前生活在非洲的一小群人的后裔这一理论。

8 But when did groups of travellers leave that continent? Whom did they encounter and mingle with along the way? Do major historical events, such as Alexander the Great’s conquest of Central Asia, leave a genetic trail? These are questions National Geographic’s Spencer Wells hopes to answer. The Genographic Project, launched last year, is inviting the public to test its own DNA. But the project’s overarching goal is to collect samples from indigenous populations worldwide whose DNA could hold clues to our origins and global migration — and to do it fast, before these fragile populations die out or leave their ancestral homelands.
但人类群体何时离开那个大陆的呢？他们在途中遇到并融合的是谁？像亚历山大大帝征服中亚这样的重大历史事件，会留下基因痕迹吗？这些是美国国家地理的斯宾塞·韦尔斯希望回答的问题。去年启动的 “基因地理项目” 邀请公众测试自己的DNA。但该项目的首要目标是从世界各地的原住民群体中收集样本，他们的DNA可能包含关于我们起源和全球迁徙的线索 —— 并且要尽快完成，在这些脆弱的群体灭绝或离开他们的祖传家园之前。

9 Last fall, Wells packed up 500 blood – collection tubes, needles, alcohol wipes and cheek swabs and headed off to Chad, where he took 300 DNA samples from towns and villages around the country. Thirty – five to 40 came from members of the isolated Laal community, whose population, at fewer than 750, is declining. Wells fears that this community will die out within the next 10 to 30 years, taking with it valuable DNA and cultural traditions and an ancient language — information that could provide critical insights into the first people to live in Central Africa more than 40,000 years ago. “We can use DNA to figure out some of these great mysteries, to make sense of the past,” says Wells.
去年秋天，韦尔斯打包了500个采血管、针头、酒精消毒棉片和脸颊棉签，前往乍得，在那里他从该国各地的城镇和村庄采集了300个DNA样本。其中35到40个来自与世隔绝的拉尔（Laal ）社区的成员，该社区人口不到750人，且在不断减少。韦尔斯担心这个社区将在未来10到30年内消失，随之消失的还有宝贵的DNA、文化传统和一种古老语言 —— 这些信息可能为了解4万多年前生活在中非的第一批人类提供关键线索。“我们可以利用DNA来解开其中一些重大谜团，理解过去，” 韦尔斯说。

10 Not everybody supports the Genographic Project. Indigenous populations have had their share of colonialist pillaging, and many, still distrustful of the dominant culture, are wary of handing over their blood and the information it contains. But some members of the Seaconke Wampanoag tribe in Seekonk, Massachusetts, have already been tested. “We have our cultural story of creation, but there’s another story that needs to get out, and it’s right inside each and every one of us,” says the tribe’s chair, Michael Markley. Wells says he understands indigenous concerns, but he has found that once the details are explained, the excitement builds. “Everybody finds it fascinating that they’re carrying this historical document inside their cells.” Scientists are now piecing together the first volume of this history.
并非所有人都支持 “基因地理项目”。原住民群体经历过殖民主义的掠夺，许多人仍然不信任主流文化，对交出自己的血液及其包含的信息持谨慎态度。但马萨诸塞州西康克（Seekonk ）的西康克万帕诺亚格（Seaconke Wampanoag ）部落的一些成员已经接受了测试。“我们有自己的创世文化故事，但还有另一个故事需要传播出去，而它就在我们每个人的体内，” 该部落的主席迈克尔·马克利（Michael Markley ）说。韦尔斯说他理解原住民的担忧，但他发现一旦解释清楚细节，人们就会兴奋起来。“每个人都觉得自己细胞内携带着这份历史文件很有趣。” 科学家们现在正在拼凑这段历史的第一卷。

(1,060 words)
（1060词）

问题英文原题、中文翻译及解析

I. Reading for information（阅读获取信息）

A. Reading to find main ideas（阅读寻找主旨）

1. Genetic testing has aroused a huge interest because we can __.

◦ 基因检测引起了极大的兴趣，因为我们可以__。

◦ A. learn how different we are from each other

◦ 了解我们彼此之间的差异

◦ B. discover more about where we come from

◦ 发现更多关于我们起源的信息

◦ C. overturn our family legends if we don’t like them

◦ 如果我们不喜欢家族传说，就推翻它们

◦ D. we can prove that we are more intelligent than others

◦ 我们可以证明自己比别人更聪明

答案：B
解析：文中第1段提到 “tens of thousands of people have swabbed their cheeks and mailed in their DNA to discover more about where they came from” ，说明基因检测受关注是因为能探寻起源，B选项正确。A选项“了解差异”不是重点；C选项“推翻家族传说”是结果，非原因；D选项“证明更聪明”文中未提，所以选B。

2. Genetics is very powerful in that it can do all of the following EXCEPT __.

◦ 基因学非常强大，除了__，它能做到以下所有事情。

◦ A. tell us which major branch of the human tree we hail from

◦ 告诉我们属于人类谱系的哪个主要分支

◦ B. uncover links to ancient cultures and even religious heritage

◦ 揭示与古代文化甚至宗教遗产的联系

◦ C. provide insights into the origin of the whole of mankind

◦ 为了解整个人类的起源提供线索

◦ D. prove some people to be direct descendants of Genghis Khan

◦ 证明一些人是成吉思汗的直系后裔

答案：D
解析：文中第6段提到 “Since researchers don’t have any actual DNA from the likes of Genghis Khan, proving direct descent from certain historical figures is virtually impossible” ，说明无法证明是成吉思汗直系后裔，D选项符合题意。A、B、C选项在文中均有对应能做到的表述，所以选D。

B. Reading to find major details（阅读寻找主要细节）

3. The overarching goal of the Genographic Project is to .

• “基因地理项目” 的首要目标是。
• A. collect samples from indigenous populations worldwide
• 从世界各地的原住民群体中收集样本
• B. create a real museum of human history
• 创建一座真实的人类历史博物馆
• C. prove that Africa is the origin of the human species
• 证明非洲是人类物种的起源地
• D. establish links between behavior and race
• 建立行为和种族之间的联系

答案：A
解析：文中第8段提到 “the project’s overarching goal is to collect samples from indigenous populations worldwide…” ，A选项正确。B选项“创建真实博物馆”错误，是虚拟博物馆；C选项“证明非洲是起源”是项目能支持的理论，非首要目标；D选项“建立行为和种族联系”是科学家担忧的不当使用，不是目标，所以选A。

4. Why are many indigenous people unwilling to support the Genographic Project?

◦ 为什么许多原住民不愿意支持 “基因地理项目”？

◦ A. They are still distrustful of the dominant culture which is guilty of colonialist pillaging.

◦ 他们仍然不信任曾有殖民掠夺罪责的主流文化。

◦ B. They believe that they have their own story of creation and don’t want another story.

◦ 他们认为自己有创世故事，不想要另一个故事。

◦ C. They are not rich enough to afford the money for having their DNA samples collected.

◦ 他们不够富有，无法承担采集DNA样本的费用。

◦ D. They fear that their blood samples may show that they are indeed inferior to the white race.

◦ 他们担心血液样本可能显示自己确实比白人种族低劣。

答案：A
解析：文中第10段提到 “Indigenous populations have had their share of colonialist pillaging, and many, still distrustful of the dominant culture, are wary of handing over their blood…” ，说明是因为对有殖民掠夺历史的主流文化不信任，A选项正确。B选项“不想要另一个故事”错误，文中说有另一个故事要传播；C选项“费用问题”文中未提；D选项“担心低劣”错误，所以选A。

C. Reading to find relevant facts（阅读寻找相关事实）

5. From the passage, we can learn that Skorecki .

• 从文章中，我们可以了解到斯科雷基。
• A. was shocked to be told that he was one of the Cohanim
• 被告知自己是 “科哈尼姆” 之一时很震惊
• B. was a Jewish male of North African ancestry
• 是北非血统的犹太男性
• C. was working at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
• 在以色列理工学院工作
• D. was a geneticist at the University of Arizona
• 是亚利桑那大学的遗传学家

答案：C
解析：文中第5段提到 “Skorecki, of the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, remembers thinking” ，说明他在以色列理工学院工作，C选项正确。A选项“震惊”文中未提；B选项“北非血统”错误，他是欧洲血统；D选项“亚利桑那大学遗传学家”是迈克尔·哈默，所以选C。

6. Which of the following statements about DNA is wrong?

◦ 以下关于DNA的陈述哪一个是错误的？

6. 题目：下列关于DNA的陈述，哪一项是错误的？

◦ 选项：

◦ A. The color of our eyes is determined by the DNA in our cells.（我们眼睛的颜色由细胞中的DNA决定 ）

◦ B. Our DNA contains information about our ancestors.（我们的DNA包含祖先的信息 ）

◦ C. The mitochondrial DNA comes from mother only.（线粒体DNA仅来自母亲 ）

◦ D. The Y DNA is passed down from father to son and daughter.（Y染色体DNA由父亲传给儿子和女儿 ）

◦ 解析：
文中第3段明确说明 “the Y (passed down from father to son), and mitochondrial DNA (from mother to both sons and daughters)” （Y染色体由父亲传给儿子，线粒体DNA由母亲传给儿子和女儿 ）。D选项 “传给儿子和女儿” 与原文 “传给儿子” 不符。A、B、C选项均与原文一致。答案选 D。

《Between Two Worlds (I)》文章翻译、题目及解析

一、文章逐段翻译

第一段

They are strangers, but they already know one another’s stories. So when Mona Rahman, 24, tells the other five people at a New York City dinner table about how her superstrict parents never let her sleep over at friends’ houses, there are chuckles of recognition. There are equally empathetic, if more sober, nods when Grace Chang Lucarelli, 32, speaking in a soft Texan drawl, recalls “people making fun of me” because she was one of the few Asian Americans in her town. The people around the table grew up in rural Texas, suburban New Jersey, upstate New York, small – town Virginia and the real O.C. (Orange County, Southern California). But they are the children of parents who immigrated to the U.S. from India, the Philippines, Korea, Bangladesh and China. What they share, says Korean American Suzette Won Haas, 31, is the sense of “feeling like the hyphen in between” the Asian and the American in Asian – American.

他们是陌生人，但早已熟知彼此的故事。所以，当24岁的莫娜·拉赫曼（Mona Rahman）在纽约市的一张餐桌旁，向另外五个人讲述她管教极严的父母如何从不让她在朋友家过夜时，众人会心地轻声笑起来。32岁的格蕾丝·张·卢卡雷利（Grace Chang Lucarelli）用柔和的得克萨斯拖腔回忆起“人们因为我是镇上为数不多的亚裔美国人之一而取笑我”时，大家同样报以共情的、虽更凝重但也理解的点头。围坐在餐桌旁的人们，成长于得克萨斯州的乡村、新泽西州的郊区、纽约州北部、弗吉尼亚州的小镇以及真正的橙县（加利福尼亚州南部的奥兰治县）。但他们都是父母从印度、菲律宾、韩国、孟加拉国和中国移民到美国的孩子。31岁的韩裔美国人苏泽特·元·哈斯（Suzette Won Haas）表示，他们的共同之处在于，作为亚裔美国人，有一种“感觉自己就像亚裔和美国人之间的连字符”的感受 。

第二段

That particular identity was made possible 40 years ago, in 1965, when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act. Exclusion laws passed in the early 1900s had reduced Asian immigration to a trickle. In 1965, the year the Civil Rights Act came into effect, says New York University sociologist Guillermina Jasso, “the racist elements of immigration law were abolished.”

这种特殊的身份认同在40年前成为可能，也就是1965年，当时林登·B·约翰逊（Lyndon B. Johnson）总统签署了《移民与国籍法》。20世纪初通过的排外法律将亚洲移民数量削减到了涓涓细流般的程度。纽约大学社会学家吉列尔米娜·贾索（Guillermina Jasso）表示，1965年《民权法案》生效，“移民法中的种族主义元素被废除了” 。

第三段

The American story is, of course, made up of successive influxes of immigrants who arrive in the U.S., struggle to find a place in its society and eventually assimilate. But the group of post – 1965 Asians was different from the Jews, Irish and Italians who had landed earlier. The Asian immigrants’ distinctive physiognomy may have made it more difficult for them to blend in, but at the same time, their high education and skill levels allowed them quicker entrée into the middle class. Instead of clustering tightly in urban ethnic enclaves, they spread out into suburbia, where they were often isolated. And it was there that their kids, now 20 to 40 years old, grew up, straddling two worlds — the traditional domain their recently arrived parents sought to maintain at home and the fast – changing Western culture of the society outside the front door.

美国故事，当然是由一批又一批移民的涌入构成的，这些移民来到美国，努力在社会中找到立足之地，最终实现同化。但1965年后的亚裔群体，与更早抵达的犹太人、爱尔兰人和意大利人不同。亚裔移民独特的外貌可能使他们更难融入当地社会，但与此同时，他们较高的教育水平和技能水平让他们能更快地进入中产阶级。他们没有紧紧聚集在城市的种族飞地中，而是分散到了郊区，在那里他们常常感到孤立。就是在这样的环境中，他们如今20到40岁的孩子成长起来，徘徊在两个世界之间——一边是新移民父母努力在家中维系的传统文化领域，另一边是门外社会快速变化的西方文化 。

第四段

“The post – 1965 generation really is different,” says David Reimers, a historian of immigration at N.Y.U. “The process of assimilation has been much faster.” The inspiration for the notion of the “model minority,” the generation’s members have been most recognized for their high academic achievements, a reflection of their parents’ drive for a certain kind of success. But that is only part of their story. Shuttling between two worlds — and seeming to fit into neither — many felt as if “they had no community,” says Chang – rae Lee, a Korean – American novelist who has written about this generation’s journey. “They had to create themselves.” In doing so, they have updated the old immigrant story and forged a new Asian – American identity, not wholly recognizable in any of their parents’ native lands but, in its hybrid nature, vibrantly American.

“1965年后的这一代人真的与众不同，” 纽约大学研究移民问题的历史学家大卫·赖默斯（David Reimers）表示，“他们的同化过程要快得多。” 这一代人是 “模范少数族裔” 概念的灵感来源，他们因较高的学业成就而广受认可，这反映了他们父母对某种成功的追求。但这只是他们故事的一部分。韩裔美国小说家张仁洙（Chang – rae Lee）曾写过关于这一代人成长历程的作品，他表示，在两个世界之间穿梭——而且似乎无法融入任何一个世界——许多人感觉 “自己没有所属的社群”，“他们必须塑造自己” 。通过这样做，他们更新了古老的移民故事，塑造了一种新的亚裔美国人身份，这种身份在他们父母的任何一个故土都无法被完全识别，但就其混合的本质而言，极具美国特色 。

第五段

If you were to draw a diagram of acculturation with the mores of immigrant parents on one side and society’s on the other, the classic model might show a steady drift over time, depicting a slow – burn Americanization, taking as long as two or three generations. The more recent Asian – American curve, however, looks almost like the path of a boomerang: early isolation, rapid immersion and assimilation and then a re – appreciation of ethnic roots.

如果你要画一幅文化适应的图表，一边是移民父母的习俗，另一边是社会的习俗，经典模式可能会显示出随着时间的推移稳步变化，描绘出一种缓慢发生的美国化过程，需要两三代人的时间。然而，近期亚裔美国人的文化适应曲线看起来几乎像回飞镖的轨迹：先是早期的孤立，然后是快速的融入和同化，接着是对族裔根源的重新重视 。

第六段

As a child growing up in Pennington, N.J., Fareha Ahmed watched Bollywood videos and enthusiastically attended the annual Pakistan Independence Day Parade in New York City. By middle school, though, her parents’ Pakistani culture had become uncool. “I wanted to fit in so bad,” Ahmed says. For her, that meant trying to be white. She dyed her hair blond, got hazel contact lenses and complained, “I’m going to smell,” when her mom served fragrant dishes like lamb biryani for dinner. But at Villanova University in Philadelphia, Ahmed found friends from all different backgrounds who welcomed diversity and helped her, she says, become “a good balance of East meets West.” Now 23, she and her non – Asian roommates threw a party to mark the Islamic holiday ’Id al – Fitr in November, then threw another for Christmas — which her family never celebrated. “I chose to embrace both holidays instead of segregating myself to one,” she says.

法拉哈·艾哈迈德（Fareha Ahmed）在新泽西州彭宁顿长大，小时候她会看宝莱坞电影，还热情地参加纽约市一年一度的巴基斯坦独立日游行。但到了中学，她父母的巴基斯坦文化就变得 “不酷” 了。“我非常想融入（当地环境），” 艾哈迈德说。对她来说，这意味着努力让自己像个白人。她把头发染成金色，戴上淡褐色的隐形眼镜，当她妈妈做像羊肉比尔亚尼这样香气四溢的菜肴当晚餐时，她还会抱怨 “我要被熏死了” 。但在费城的维拉诺瓦大学（Villanova University），艾哈迈德找到了来自不同背景的朋友，他们欢迎多样性，还帮助她，用她的话说，让她 “很好地融合了东西方（文化）” 。现在23岁的她，和非亚裔的室友们在11月举办了一场派对来庆祝伊斯兰教的开斋节（’Id al – Fitr ），然后又举办了一场圣诞节派对——她的家人从未庆祝过这个节日。“我选择拥抱这两个节日，而不是把自己局限于其中一个，” 她说 。

第七段

Asian Americans say part of the reason it is so hard to reach an equilibrium is that they are seen as what sociologists call “forever foreigners.” Their looks lead to a lifetime of questions like “No, where are you really from?” As a teenager in the affluent and overwhelmingly white Chicago suburb of Riverwoods, Ill, Vanessa DeGuia, now 26, endured incident after incident that made her aware that others regarded her as foreign, despite how her birth certificate read. One classmate told her, “You’re my brown friend. You’re so exotic.” Another came over for dinner, took a bite of a Filipino egg roll made by Vanessa’s mom, spat it out and asked if it was made of dog. “I never felt like I belonged,” DeGuia says. “Though I was born in this country and English was my first language, I was always seen as a foreigner.”

亚裔美国人表示，很难达到平衡的部分原因是他们被视为社会学家所说的 “永远的外国人” 。他们的外貌导致他们一生都要面对这样的问题，比如 “不，你到底是从哪里来的？” 现年26岁的凡妮莎·德吉亚（Vanessa DeGuia），十几岁时住在伊利诺伊州富裕且以白人为主的芝加哥郊区里弗伍兹（Riverwoods），她经历了一件又一件事，让她意识到别人把她当成外国人，尽管她的出生证明清楚地表明她是美国人。一个同学对她说：“你是我的棕色朋友。你太有异国情调了。” 另一个同学来吃晚餐，咬了一口凡妮莎妈妈做的菲律宾蛋卷，吐了出来，还问是不是用狗肉做的。“我从未有过归属感，” 德吉亚说，“尽管我在这个国家出生，英语是我的第一语言，但我一直被视为外国人” 。

第八段

For kids — who by nature desperately want to belong — the feeling of alienation can be so painful that they will do almost anything to make it go away, to fit in. For years, Mark Hong, 31, shunned the only other Asian kid he knew in Davenport, Iowa, and hung out with the popular — and other than him, entirely white — crowd at school: the jocks. “I repelled anything that was Asian because it represented everything that was not cool at the time. Asians did kung fu and worked at Asian restaurants,” he explains. That his Korean – born dad was actually an engineer at Caterpillar had no effect on Hong’s teenage mind, which was focused on one goal: “I wanted to be cool.”

对于孩子们来说——他们天生极其渴望归属感——这种疏离感可能非常痛苦，以至于他们几乎会想尽一切办法让这种感觉消失，努力融入（环境）。31岁的马克·洪（Mark Hong）多年来一直回避他在爱荷华州达文波特（Davenport）认识的唯一另一个亚裔孩子，而是和学校里受欢迎的群体——除了他之外全是白人——在一起：那些运动员。“我排斥任何与亚洲有关的东西，因为那代表了当时所有不酷的东西。亚洲人会功夫，在亚洲餐馆工作，” 他解释道。他出生于韩国的父亲实际上是卡特彼勒公司（Caterpillar）的工程师，但这对洪少年时期的想法没有任何影响，他当时只专注于一个目标：“我想变得很酷” 。

第九段

Racial alienation and ethnic mockery are commonplace in the immigrant – kid experience, and the stories these Asian Americans tell of their childhood are “the same kind of talk about social exclusion that you might have found among Italians and Jews in the 1930s,” says Harvard sociologist Mary Waters. But previous generations of immigrants’ kids, including those Italians and Jews, lived in neighborhoods with built – in social support structures — people who looked like them, ate like them, prayed like them. They had what Marissa Dagdagaan, 28, a daughter of Filipino – born doctors, who grew up in Burr Ridge, Ill, says she did not — “people like me that I could corroborate with.”

哈佛社会学家玛丽·沃特斯（Mary Waters）表示，种族疏离和族裔嘲弄在移民子女的经历中很常见，这些亚裔美国人讲述的童年故事 “和你在20世纪30年代的意大利人和犹太人中可能听到的关于社会排斥的谈论是一样的” 。但前几代移民的子女，包括那些意大利人和犹太人，生活在有内在社会支持结构的社区里——有和他们长得像、饮食习惯像、宗教信仰像的人。28岁的玛丽莎·达格达根（Marissa Dagdagaan）是出生于菲律宾的医生的女儿，她在伊利诺伊州伯尔里奇（Burr Ridge）长大，她说自己没有这样的条件——“没有和我一样（背景）、能和我相互印证（经历）的人” 。

二、题目及解析

A. Reading to find main ideas（阅读寻找主旨）

1. 题目及选项翻译

The six people who dine together in New York are strangers, but they feel close to one another because __.

• A. they use the same language（他们使用相同的语言 ）
• B. they are within the same age group（他们处于相同的年龄组 ）
• C. they all feel it hard to fit into American society（他们都觉得难以融入美国社会 ）
• D. they grew up in similar communities across the U.S.（他们在美国各地相似的社区长大 ）

解析

文中第一段提到他们虽来自不同地区，但都是亚裔移民的孩子，有着 “感觉自己就像亚裔和美国人之间的连字符” 这种难以融入美国社会的共同感受，所以因这种共通的融入困境而亲近。A选项文中未提及语言相同；B选项年龄只是部分情况，不是亲近核心原因；D选项他们成长社区不同。答案选C。

2. 题目及选项翻译

By saying “feeling like the hyphen in between”, Haas means that the children of Asian immigrants __.

• A. reach a balance between East and West（在东西方之间达到平衡 ）
• B. benefit from both Asian and American values（受益于亚裔和美国的价值观 ）
• C. could not fit into either of the two communities（无法融入两个社群中的任何一个 ）
• D. enjoy shuttling between two different worlds（喜欢在两个不同世界间穿梭 ）

解析

“feeling like the hyphen in between” 体现出亚裔移民子女在亚裔和美国两个社群间，像连字符一样，难以真正融入任何一方。A选项达到平衡与原文表意不符；B选项受益于价值观不是此表达的含义；D选项喜欢穿梭错误，是无奈的状态。答案选C。

B. Reading to find major details（阅读寻找主要细节）

3. 题目及选项翻译

Asian American as an identity came into being as the result of __.

• A. the Immigration and Nationality Act（《移民与国籍法》 ）
• B. the Civil Rights Act（《民权法案》 ）
• C. the elimination of racists（种族主义者的消除 ）
• D. exclusion laws（排外法律 ）

解析

第二段明确提到1965年林登·B·约翰逊总统签署《移民与国籍法》后，亚裔美国人这种身份认同成为可能。B选项《民权法案》是使移民法中种族主义元素被废除的相关法案，不是亚裔美国人身份形成的直接原因；C选项文中未提及因消除种族主义者形成该身份；D选项排外法律是之前限制亚洲移民的，与身份形成无关。答案选A。

4. 题目及选项翻译

The year 1965 can be regarded as of special significance in that __.

• A. the influx of immigrants surged（移民涌入量激增 ）
• B. the process of assimilation accelerated（同化过程加快 ）
• C. the Asian Americans became the “model minority”（亚裔美国人成为 “模范少数族裔” ）
• D. Asian immigrants found a new identity that year（亚裔移民在那一年找到新身份 ）

解析

题目解析（续）

4. 题目及选项翻译

The year 1965 can be regarded as of special significance in that __.

• A. the influx of immigrants surged（移民涌入量激增 ）
• B. the process of assimilation accelerated（同化过程加快 ）
• C. the Asian Americans became the “model minority”（亚裔美国人成为 “模范少数族裔” ）
• D. Asian immigrants found a new identity that year（亚裔移民在那一年找到新身份 ）

解析：

• 第二段提到1965年《移民与国籍法》废除了移民法中的种族主义元素，为亚洲移民创造了条件。第四段进一步说明 “1965年后的一代同化过程更快（the process of assimilation has been much faster）” 。
• A选项：文中未直接提及1965年移民涌入量 “激增（surged）” ，重点是移民政策对身份与同化的影响，排除。
• B选项：1965年的法案废除种族主义元素，推动了亚裔移民融入，后续四代人的同化过程加快（对应第四段内容 ），符合 “特殊意义” 的逻辑，正确。
• C选项：“模范少数族裔（model minority）” 是1965年后一代的特征，但并非1965年本身的 “特殊意义” ，排除。
• D选项：“找到新身份” 是长期过程，1965年是身份形成的 “契机” 而非直接 “找到新身份” 的时间点，排除。

答案选 B

C. Reading to find relevant facts（阅读寻找相关事实）

5. 题目及选项翻译

Fareha Ahmed is a typical example of Asian – American children that shows __.

• A. how second – generation immigrants find their sense of belonging（第二代移民如何找到归属感 ）
• B. how they created a new identity for themselves with the help of friends（他们如何在朋友帮助下塑造新身份 ）
• C. how they are finally recognized in schools and by friends（他们如何最终在学校和朋友中获得认可 ）
• D. how they changed their attitudes towards the culture of their parents’ native land（他们如何改变对父母故土文化的态度 ）

解析：

• 第六段讲述Fareha Ahmed的经历：童年接触巴基斯坦文化→中学因想融入而排斥父母文化→大学后在多元环境中重新平衡东西方文化→主动拥抱两种文化节日。核心是第二代移民在成长中探索归属感的过程。
• A选项：她的经历完整呈现了 “排斥 – 融合 – 拥抱” 的过程，最终通过平衡文化找到归属感，符合 “第二代移民如何找归属感” 的逻辑，正确。
• B选项：“朋友帮助” 是过程的一部分，但核心是自我探索归属感，而非 “塑造新身份” 的直接体现，排除。
• C选项：“获得认可” 不是重点，重点是自身归属感的建立，排除。
• D选项：“改变对父母故土文化的态度” 是过程（从排斥到拥抱 ），但最终目的是找到归属感，D选项片面，排除。

答案选 A

6. 题目及选项翻译

Most Asian Americans agree what makes it so hard for them to blend in is __.

• A. their academic achievements（他们的学业成就 ）
• B. their exotic appearance（他们异域化的外貌 ）
• C. their eccentric behaviour（他们古怪的行为 ）
• D. their socio – economic status（他们的社会经济地位 ）

解析：

• 第七段提到 “亚裔美国人被视为‘永远的外国人’，外貌导致一生被问‘你到底从哪来’” ，直接关联 “难以融入的原因” 。
• A选项：学业成就高是 “模范少数族裔” 的特征，与 “难以融入” 无关，排除。
• B选项：“异域化的外貌（exotic appearance）” 对应文中 “外貌导致被视为外国人” 的描述，正确。
• C选项：“古怪行为” 文中未提及，排除。
• D选项：“社会经济地位” 不是难以融入的核心原因（文中强调外貌与身份认知 ），排除。

答案选 B

总结

通过逐题分析，可更清晰把握文章逻辑：从亚裔美国人的身份困境（融入难），到1965年移民政策的影响（推动身份发展与同化），再到个体案例（Fareha Ahmed ）体现的归属感探索，以及外貌对融入的阻碍。解题关键在于紧扣文本细节，区分 “直接原因” 与 “间接关联”，理解 “身份认同” 的核心矛盾（夹在两种文化间的挣扎与融合 ）。

《The Power of Mozart》文章翻译、题目及解析（2024年已考）

一、文章逐段翻译

第一段

Katia Eliad, a Paris-based artist, was stuck in a rut. She felt blocked in her creativity, out of touch with herself and for some inexplicable reason unable to use green or blue in her abstract paintings. So last spring, she started an unusual treatment: daily two-hour sessions of Mozart’s music for three weeks at a time, filtered through special vibrating headphones that sometimes cut out the lowest tones. The impact, she says, was dramatic. “I’m much more at ease with myself, with people, with everything,” says Eliad, 33. “It feels like I’ve done 10 years of psychoanalysis in just eight months.” Blue and green are back in her palette. As for Mozart, “he’s become like a grandfather who calms you when you wake up in the middle of a nightmare.”

卡特娅·埃利亚德（Katia Eliad）是一位驻巴黎的艺术家，她陷入了创作瓶颈。她感觉自己的创造力受阻，与自我脱节，而且不知为何，在她的抽象绘画中无法使用绿色或蓝色。于是去年春天，她开始了一种不同寻常的治疗：每天听两个小时莫扎特的音乐，每次持续三周，通过特殊的振动耳机播放，这些耳机有时会过滤掉最低音。她说，效果非常显著。“我对自己、对他人、对一切都更自在了，”33岁的埃利亚德说，“感觉就像在短短八个月里完成了十年的精神分析。” 蓝色和绿色又回到了她的调色板上。至于莫扎特，“他就像一位祖父，在你从噩梦中醒来时安抚你。”

第二段

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born 250 years ago, on Jan. 27, 1756, and lavish celebrations are being planned around the world to celebrate his anniversary. This year will be filled with his music, but it will also be a time to re-examine the contradictions and conflicting interpretations of his brief 35-year life. He has been cast in many roles: the infant prodigy paraded around European courts by his father; the foulmouthed brat whose letters attest to a fondness for off-color practical jokes. One widespread misconception has him buried in a pauper’s grave. Another unproven legend, given widespread credence thanks to the hit movie Amadeus, depicts him as the victim of his jealous court rival Antonio Salieri. Fervent admirers have argued that he was divinely inspired, but some modern psychologists detect an infantile-regressive personality. And if he were alive today, says Herbert Brugger of the Salzburg tourism office, he would be “a pop star — somewhere between Prince, Michael Jackson and Robbie Williams.”

沃尔夫冈·阿玛多伊斯·莫扎特（Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart）于250年前的1756年1月27日出生，世界各地正在计划举办盛大的庆祝活动来纪念他的诞辰。今年将充满他的音乐，但也将是重新审视对他短暂的35年人生的矛盾和相互冲突的解读的时候。他被赋予了许多角色：被父亲在欧洲宫廷四处展示的神童；从信件中可看出喜欢低俗恶作剧的满嘴脏话的顽童。一个普遍的误解是他被埋在穷人的坟墓里。另一个未经证实的传说，因热门电影《莫扎特传》（Amadeus ）而被广泛相信，将他描绘成嫉妒他的宫廷对手安东尼奥·萨列里（Antonio Salieri）的受害者。狂热的崇拜者认为他是受神启的，但一些现代心理学家发现他有幼稚 – 退行的人格。而且如果他今天还活着，萨尔茨堡旅游局的赫伯特·布鲁格（Herbert Brugger）说，他会是 “一位流行歌星——介于王子（Prince）、迈克尔·杰克逊（Michael Jackson）和罗比·威廉姆斯（Robbie Williams）之间” 。

第三段

There’s little new about such typecasting. But over the past decade, Mozart has increasingly been placed in a role that is perhaps the most controversial of all: as healer of mind and body. In this New Age interpretation, Mozart is the ultimate composer-therapist whose music can help treat ailments and even, it is claimed, make you and your kids smarter. Some of these claims are based on science. One neurosurgeon in Chicago has conducted studies that show certain Mozart pieces can reduce the severity and frequency of epileptic seizures in some patients, while researchers in Irvine, California, have found that some people with Alzheimer’s are better able to perform mental tests after listening to Mozart for 10 minutes.

这种类型化的解读没什么新鲜的。但在过去的十年里，莫扎特越来越多地被赋予一个可能是最具争议的角色：身心疗愈者。在这种新时代的解读中，莫扎特是终极的作曲家 – 治疗师，他的音乐可以帮助治疗疾病，甚至据称可以让你和你的孩子更聪明。其中一些说法是有科学依据的。芝加哥的一位神经外科医生进行的研究表明，某些莫扎特的作品可以减轻一些癫痫患者发作的严重程度和频率，而加利福尼亚州欧文市的研究人员发现，一些老年痴呆症患者在听了10分钟莫扎特的音乐后，能更好地完成心理测试。

第四段

But much of the supporting material is anecdotal. Few national authorities officially recognize the treatment, and traditional music therapists are deeply skeptical.

但很多支持这些说法的材料都是轶事。很少有国家当局正式认可这种治疗方法，而且传统的音乐治疗师也深表怀疑。

第五段

By far the most widespread — and most disputed — recent claim is that Mozart can enhance your brain power. That notion was first given scientific support in a 1993 article in Nature, which found that college students who listened to the first movement of Mozart’s Sonata in D Major for Two Pianos performed better on a spatial reasoning test that involved mentally unfolding a piece of paper. The study’s main author, Frances Rauscher, an associate professor at the University of Wisconsin who is also a cellist, went on to do a similar test using laboratory rats. They were exposed to the same piano sonata in uterus and for two months after birth, and then let loose in a maze. There they navigated their way out far quicker than three other groups of rats, which had been exposed to white noise, silence or a highly repetitive piece by American composer Philip Glass.

到目前为止，最广泛传播且最有争议的近期说法是莫扎特的音乐可以增强你的脑力。这个观点在1993年《自然》（Nature ）杂志的一篇文章中首次得到科学支持，该文章发现，大学生在听了莫扎特的《D大调双钢琴奏鸣曲》第一乐章后，在一项涉及心理上展开一张纸的空间推理测试中表现得更好。这项研究的主要作者弗朗西斯·劳舍尔（Frances Rauscher）是威斯康星大学的副教授，同时也是一名大提琴手，她接着用实验室老鼠做了类似的测试。这些老鼠在子宫内和出生后两个月都接触这首钢琴奏鸣曲，然后被放入迷宫。在那里，它们找到出路的速度比另外三组老鼠快得多，另外三组老鼠接触的是白噪音、寂静环境或美国作曲家菲利普·格拉斯（Philip Glass）的一首高度重复的作品。

第六段

In the decade since, these studies have sparked an academic storm, with many of Rauscher’s peers either refining or debunking her findings. Other researchers have had mixed success in replicating her results. But her work received widespread media attention and gave rise to a pop-psychology trend known as the “Mozart effect.” Dozens of Mozart compilation CDs that promise to enhance intelligence are now on the market, with titles such as Mozart for Mommies and Daddies — Jumpstart Your Newborn’s IQ. The claims have had social-policy repercussions: in 1998, the U.S. state of Georgia began handing out classical-music CDs to the parents of all infants, and there are similar but less official programs in Colorado, Florida and elsewhere.

在那之后的十年里，这些研究引发了一场学术风暴，劳舍尔的许多同行要么完善要么揭穿她的研究结果。其他研究人员在复制她的结果方面成败参半。但她的研究受到了广泛的媒体关注，并催生了一种被称为 “莫扎特效应” 的流行心理学趋势。现在市场上有几十张承诺能提高智力的莫扎特音乐合辑CD，标题如《给爸爸妈妈的莫扎特——激发你新生儿的智商》。这些说法产生了社会政策方面的影响：1998年，美国佐治亚州开始向所有婴儿的父母发放古典音乐CD，科罗拉多州、佛罗里达州和其他地方也有类似但不太正式的项目。

第七段

Behind much of this enterprise is a U.S. musician named Don Campbell, who is not a scientist and had nothing to do with the original research, but who quickly trademarked the term “Mozart effect,” and has written two best-selling books on the subject and compiled more than a dozen CDs. “In an instant, music can uplift our soul. It awakens within us the spirit of prayer, compassion and love,” he writes. “It clears our minds and has been known to make us smarter.”

这一事业的背后是一位名叫唐·坎贝尔（Don Campbell）的美国音乐家，他不是科学家，与最初的研究也没有任何关系，但他迅速将 “莫扎特效应” 这个术语注册为商标，并就这个主题写了两本畅销书，还汇编了十几张CD。“音乐能瞬间提升我们的灵魂。它在我们内心唤醒祈祷、同情和爱的精神，” 他写道，“它让我们的头脑清醒，而且众所周知能让我们更聪明。”

第八段

Rauscher is both bemused and sometimes amused by such rank commercialization. “At least somebody managed to make money out of it,” she says. But she bristles at the way her findings are misrepresented. “Nobody ever said listening to Mozart makes you smarter,” she complains, pointing out that her research showed only a temporary and limited improvement in the student’s spatial reasoning, rather than a sustained and general increase in IQ. Today, she’s even revising her own initial conclusions in the light of subsequent research by others, working on a book tentatively titled Music and the Mind Beyond the Mozart Effect. Listening to Mozart, she now reckons, may not be as important for the brain as the general sense of mood of arousal brought about by doing something that is enjoyable.

劳舍尔对这种公然的商业化既感到困惑，有时也觉得好笑。“至少有人设法从中赚了钱，” 她说。但她对自己的研究结果被曲解的方式感到愤怒。“从来没有人说过听莫扎特的音乐能让你更聪明，” 她抱怨道，并指出她的研究只显示了学生在空间推理方面的暂时和有限的改善，而不是智商的持续和普遍的提高。如今，根据其他人随后的研究，她甚至在修正自己最初的结论，正在写一本暂定名为《音乐与心灵：超越莫扎特效应》的书。她现在认为，听莫扎特的音乐对大脑来说，可能不如做一些令人愉快的事情所带来的一般唤醒情绪重要。

第九段

Scientific studies show that many different areas of the brain are activated when a person listens to music. There’s also some overlap between the areas of the brain most responsive to music and those used in spatial reasoning. But beyond that, there’s little certainty as to why some pieces of music stimulate more than others — and even less understanding of music’s sometimes soothing effects.

科学研究表明，当一个人听音乐时，大脑的许多不同区域都会被激活。大脑中对音乐最敏感的区域和用于空间推理的区域之间也有一些重叠。但除此之外，对于为什么有些音乐作品比其他作品更能刺激大脑，几乎没有确定的答案——而且对于音乐有时具有的舒缓效果，理解就更少了。

第十段

Why should Mozart’s music be the focal point of this debate, rather than other classical composers such as Bach, Beethoven or Chopin? Many sounds, from Hindu chanting to the noise of the surf breaking on a shore, are believed to be therapeutic.

为什么莫扎特的音乐应该成为这场辩论的焦点，而不是像巴赫（Bach）、贝多芬（Beethoven）或肖邦（Chopin）这样的其他古典作曲家呢？从印度教的唱诵到海浪拍打海岸的声音，许多声音都被认为有治疗作用。

第十一段

As for classical music, Gérard Mortier, the director of the Paris opera, is one of many who reckons that Mozart isn’t the only composer who soothes. “You find the most appropriate music for the pathology,” Mortier says. “For some people it might be (Johann Sebastian Bach’s) ‘Goldberg’ Variations. For others it might be the second act of (Richard Wagner’s) Tristan and Isolde. For a third it could be a Schubert quartet, and for another it’s Mozart.”

至于古典音乐，巴黎歌剧院的导演热拉尔·莫蒂埃（Gérard Mortier）是众多认为莫扎特不是唯一能让人舒缓的作曲家之一。“你要为（患者的）病症找到最合适的音乐，” 莫蒂埃说，“对有些人来说，可能是（约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫的）《哥德堡变奏曲》。对另一些人来说，可能是（理查德·瓦格纳的）《特里斯坦与伊索尔德》的第二幕。对第三个人来说，可能是舒伯特的四重奏，而对另一个人来说，是莫扎特的音乐。”

第十二段

Still, John Hughes reckons Mozart yields the best results. He’s a neurologist at the University of Illinois Medical Center who specializes in epilepsy. One day a colleague handed him a tape of the same Mozart sonata that Rauscher used in her studies. The next morning, he tried it out on a patient in a coma, and was stunned to find that it substantially reduced the frequency of seizures. He followed up with a series of studies on 36 patients; 29 of them responded in the same way to the music. “There’s no question about it, about 80% of the time it has a beneficial effect on seizures,” he says. That’s when he started testing other classical music on patients, only to find that Mozart was consistently the most effective on his epileptic patients.

不过，约翰·休斯（John Hughes）认为莫扎特的音乐效果最好。他是伊利诺伊大学医学中心的神经学家，专门研究癫痫。有一天，一位同事递给他一盘磁带，里面是劳舍尔在研究中使用的同一首莫扎特奏鸣曲。第二天早上，他在一个昏迷的病人身上试用，惊讶地发现它大大减少了癫痫发作的频率。他对36名患者进行了一系列的后续研究；其中29名患者对音乐有相同的反应。“毫无疑问，大约80% 的情况下，它对癫痫发作有有益的效果，” 他说。就在那时，他开始在患者身上测试其他古典音乐，结果发现莫扎特的音乐对他的癫痫患者始终是最有效的。

第十三段

The key, he believes, lies in the way Mozart repeated his melodies. “He turned a melodic line upside down and inside out. That gave people something interesting to listen to. Our brain loves pattern.” Some of Bach’s music scored highly, as did works by Mendelssohn and Haydn. But Mozart’s musical sequences tend to repeat regularly every 20–30 seconds, which is about the same length of time as brain-wave patterns and other functions of the central nervous system. His conclusion is that the frequency of patterns in Mozart’s music counteracts irregular firing patterns of epilepsy patients. Unlike the IQ tests, Hughes says, the response he measured has nothing to do with theories of mood and arousal:“Most of my patients are in a coma so you couldn’t explain it as, ‘I feel better so I perform better.’ This is a direct effect on the brain.”

他认为，关键在于莫扎特重复旋律的方式。“他把一条旋律线颠倒过来，翻来覆去地变化。这给了人们有趣的东西去听。我们的大脑喜欢模式。” 巴赫的一些音乐得分很高，门德尔松（Mendelssohn）和海顿（Haydn）的作品也是如此。但莫扎特的音乐序列往往每20 – 30秒就有规律地重复，这与脑电波模式和中枢神经系统的其他功能的时间长度大致相同。他的结论是，莫扎特音乐中模式的频率抵消了癫痫患者不规则的放电模式。休斯说，与智商测试不同，他测量的反应与情绪和唤醒理论无关：“我的大多数患者都处于昏迷状态，所以你不能解释为‘我感觉更好，所以表现更好’。这是对大脑的直接影响。”

二、题目及解析

A. Reading to find main ideas（阅读寻找主旨）

1. 题目及选项翻译

250 years after his death, Mozart has been rediscovered as a __.

• A. health fad（健康时尚 ）
• B. pop star（流行歌星 ）
• C. great composer（伟大的作曲家 ）
• D. music genius（音乐天才 ）

解析

文章第三段提到过去十年莫扎特被赋予 “身心疗愈者（healer of mind and body）” 这一有争议的角色，后续围绕其音乐对健康、脑力等影响展开，这种将莫扎特音乐与健康关联的现象形成一种流行的说法和趋势，类似一种 “健康时尚”。B选项 “流行歌星” 是假设他活到现在的情况；C选项 “伟大的作曲家” 是他原本的身份，不是 “重新发现” 的；D选项 “音乐天才” 也是他原本的属性。答案选A。

2. 题目及选项翻译

From the selection we can learn the claim that Mozart’s music has healing power __.

• A. is groundless（毫无根据 ）
• B. is yet to be proved（尚未被证实 ）
• C. has been well-established（已被充分证实 ）
• D. lacks substantial support（缺乏足够的支持 ）

解析

文章提到一些关于莫扎特音乐有疗愈作用的说法有科学研究支撑（如芝加哥神经外科医生、加利福尼亚研究人员的研究 ），但也指出很多支持材料是轶事（anecdotal ），很少有国家当局正式认可，传统音乐治疗师也深表怀疑。所以这种说法不是毫无根据（A错 ），也不是已被充分证实（C错 ），虽然有部分研究，但整体缺乏足够广泛和坚实的支持，不是简单的尚未被证实（B错 ，因为有部分研究算已证实了部分），综合来看是缺乏足够足够支持，D选项“lacks substantial support（缺乏足够的支持 ）” 更准确。答案选D。

B. Reading to find major details（阅读寻找主要细节）

3. 题目及选项翻译

A 1993 article reported that Mozart’s music can __.

• A. cure mental illnesses（治愈精神疾病 ）
• B. improve one’s intelligence（提高一个人的智力 ）
• C. enhance one’s spatial reasoning power（增强一个人的空间推理能力 ）
• D. lead to better performance in tests（在测试中取得更好的成绩 ）

解析：
第五段明确提到 “1993年《自然》杂志文章发现，大学生听莫扎特《D大调双钢琴奏鸣曲》第一乐章后，在涉及心理展开纸张的空间推理测试中表现更好” 。

• A选项：“治愈精神疾病” 过度解读，研究仅涉及空间推理，排除。
• B选项：文章强调是 “空间推理能力暂时、有限的提升”，并非 “智力（intelligence）” 整体提高，排除。
• C选项：与原文 “spatial reasoning test表现更好” 直接对应，正确。
• D选项：“测试表现更好” 是结果，但核心是 “空间推理能力（spatial reasoning power）” 提升，D选项表述宽泛，排除。

答案选 C

4. 题目及选项翻译

Rauscher expressed her anger at the fact that __.

• A. her findings are sometimes misinterpreted（她的研究结果有时被曲解 ）
• B. businesses capitalize on the “Mozart effect”（企业利用 “莫扎特效应” 获利 ）
• C. her research is not well-received by her colleagues（她的研究未被同事认可 ）
• D. she has had to admit her initial conclusion is not flawless（她不得不承认最初结论有缺陷 ）

解析：
第八段提到 “Rauscher对自己的研究结果被曲解（misrepresented）感到愤怒（bristles at ）” ，明确指向 “研究结果被错误解读” 。

• A选项：与原文 “findings are misrepresented” 直接对应，正确。
• B选项：“企业利用‘莫扎特效应’” 是她觉得 “bemused（困惑）” 的点，而非 “愤怒” 的原因，排除。
• C选项：文中未提 “研究不被同事认可” 是愤怒点，排除。
• D选项：“修正最初结论” 是她主动的学术行为，并非愤怒原因，排除。

答案选 A

C. Reading to find relevant facts（阅读寻找相关事实）

5. 题目及选项翻译

Which of the following is NOT directly related to Rauscher’s study?

• A. Controversy over her study in the academic community.（学术界对她研究的争议 ）
• B. A rise in the sales of Mozart compilation CDs.（莫扎特合辑CD销量上升 ）
• C. Widespread media coverage on 18th century musicians.（对18世纪音乐家的广泛媒体报道 ）
• D. The trend known as the “Mozart effect.”（被称为 “莫扎特效应” 的趋势 ）

解析：
第六段提到 “Rauscher的研究引发学术风暴（an academic storm ）、催生‘莫扎特效应’（Mozart effect ）、带动莫扎特合辑CD销量（Dozens of Mozart compilation CDs… ）” 。

• A选项：“学术争议” 与 “academic storm” 对应，直接相关，排除。
• B选项：“CD销量上升” 与 “Mozart compilation CDs on the market” 对应，直接相关，排除。
• C选项：文中媒体报道聚焦 “莫扎特效应” 和Rauscher的研究，而非 “18世纪音乐家整体” ，不直接相关，正确。
• D选项：“莫扎特效应” 是研究直接催生的趋势，排除。

答案选 C

6. 题目及选项翻译

According to John Hughes, the reason that Mozart’s music works best on the brain lies in __.

• A. the arousal of listeners’ emotions（听众情绪的唤醒 ）
• B. the pattern of regularly repeated melodies（有规律重复旋律的模式 ）
• C. the different areas activated by the music（音乐激活的不同大脑区域 ）
• D. the soothing power of the music（音乐的舒缓力量 ）

解析：
第十三段提到 “Hughes认为关键在于莫扎特重复旋律的方式（repeated his melodies ），音乐序列每20 – 30秒规律重复，与脑电波模式时长匹配” 。

• A选项：“情绪唤醒” 是Rauscher后期修正结论时提到的（做愉快的事带来的唤醒 ），与Hughes的观点无关，排除。
• B选项：与原文 “repeated melodies… patterns in Mozart’s music” 直接对应，正确。
• C选项：“激活不同大脑区域” 是普遍的音乐对大脑的影响（第九段 ），并非Hughes认为的莫扎特音乐独特作用的原因，排除。
• D选项：“舒缓力量” 是宽泛说法，未触及Hughes强调的 “旋律重复模式” 核心，排除。

答案选 B

总结

本文围绕 “莫扎特音乐的影响” 展开，从艺术治疗案例引入，探讨其在 “身心疗愈”“脑力提升” 等领域的争议。解题需紧扣文本细节，区分 “直接关联” 与 “间接影响”，尤其注意不同学者（如Rauscher、Hughes ）的观点差异，避免混淆概念。